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Alternative Forms Of Protection Against Market Disruption

Author

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  • Tracy Murray,
  • Wilson Schmidt
  • Ingo Walter*

Abstract

Voluntary export restraints (VRSs) and orderly marketing arrangements (OMAs) are increasingly important relative to explicit trade restrictions such as tariffs and quotas. Unlike the latter, which are applied by the importing countries, VERs and OMAs as protectionist techniques are implemented under duress by the exporting nations themselves. They are part of a growing ‘rifle approach’ to protection designed to curb imports specifically from ‘disruptive’ supplier countries. Textiles, footwear, consumer electronics and steel are some of the product groups affected in recent years, with Japan, South Korea, Hong Kong, Brazil, Taiwan and Singapore among the main victims. In 1976 an estimated $ 9.4 billion of international trade was covered by such restrictions, or about 16% of OECD imports in the affected product categories. It is often alleged that such ‘voluntary’ controls are less trade‐restrictive than outright quotas imposed on imports. This paper shows that, in the event that export licences are themselves tradeable and subject to monopolization ‐ which is often the case – precisely the opposite will tend to be the case. Even greater restrictiveness may occur when multiple products are covered by a single OMA or VER. Freiwillige Einschränkungen der Exporttätigkeit und rechtmässige Marketing‐abkommen gewinnen immer mehr an Bedeutung auf Kosten eigentlicher Import‐beschränkungen wie Zölle und Quoten. Letztere werden von den importierenden Ländern eingesetzt, erstere dagegen werden unter Zwang von den exportierenden Ländern selbst erlassen. Sie sind Teil eines immer energischer werdenden, protektionistischen Feldzuges, der sich vor allem gegen Angebote aus den Billigländern richtet. Textilien, Fussbekleidung, elektronische Geräte für den Endverbrauch und Stahl sind einige der in den letzten Jahren betroffenen Produktgruppen, mit Japan, Süd‐Korea, Hongkong und Brasilien unter den hauptsächlichen Opfern. 1976 wurden etwa 9,4 Mia Dollar des internationalen Handels von solchen Restriktionen erfasst. Das sind bei den betroffenen Produktgruppen rund 16% der OECD‐Importe. Oft wird behauptet, solche ‘freiwillige’ Exportrestriktionen schränken den internationalen Handel weniger ein als unrechtmäsige Importquoten. Dieser Artikel kommt zum Ergebnis, dass, wenn Exportlizenzen selbst handelbar und der Monopolisierung unterworfen sind ‐ wie dies oft der Fall ist tendenziell genau das Gegenteil zutrifft. Die Restriktivität kann sogar noch grösser sein, wenn multiple Produkte einer einzigen freiwilligen Exportbeschränkung oder einem einzigen rechtmässigen Marketingabkommen unterliegen. Les restrictions volontaires d'exportations et les accords de marché formels occupent une place de plus en plus importante par rapport aux restrictions commerciales explicites comme les droits et les quotas. A la différence de ces dernièes, qui sont mises en ceuvre par les pays importateurs, les premieres techniques, qui sont de nature protectionniste, sont appliquèes, sous la contrainte, par les pays exportateurs eux‐mêmes. Elles font partie d'une ‘approche en tirailleur’ de plus en pluy répandue en matière de protection pour diminuer les importations provenant tout spécialement des pays dont l'offre est ‘déséquilibrante’. Les textiles, les chaussures, l'électro‐ménager et l'acier sont quelques‐uns des groupes de produits touchés ces dernières années, le Japon, la Corée du Sud, Hong‐Kong, le Brésil, Täiwan et Singapour figurant parmi les principales victimes. En 1976, on a estiméà 9,4 milliards de dollars le montant du commerce international concerné par de telles restrictions, soit environ 16% des importations de l'O.C.D.E. dans les catégories de produits touchées. On prétend souvent que ces contrôles ‘volontaires’ restreignent moins les échanges que les quotas imposés franchement sur les importations. Cet article montre que, dans le cas où les licences d'exportation sont elles‐mêmes négociables et sujettes à monopolisation ‐ ce qui est souvent le cas ‐ c'est précisément l'opposé qui sera vrai. Une plus grande restriction peut même se manifester quand des produits multiples sont régis par une seule restriction volontaire d'exportation ou un accord de marché formel.

Suggested Citation

  • Tracy Murray, & Wilson Schmidt & Ingo Walter*, 1978. "Alternative Forms Of Protection Against Market Disruption," Kyklos, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 31(4), pages 624-637, November.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:kyklos:v:31:y:1978:i:4:p:624-637
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6435.1978.tb00663.x
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    Cited by:

    1. Nunnenkamp, Peter, 1981. "Exportselbstbeschränkungsabkommen," Open Access Publications from Kiel Institute for the World Economy 3438, Kiel Institute for the World Economy (IfW Kiel).
    2. repec:ilo:ilowps:248521 is not listed on IDEAS
    3. Blyth, Nicola, 1984. "The Eec Sheepmeat Market And Voluntary Export Restraint Agreements," Australian Journal of Agricultural Economics, Australian Agricultural and Resource Economics Society, vol. 28(1), pages 1-11, April.

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