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Projecting UK mortality by using Bayesian generalized additive models

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  • Jason Hilton
  • Erengul Dodd
  • Jonathan J. Forster
  • Peter W. F. Smith

Abstract

Forecasts of mortality provide vital information about future populations, with implications for pension and healthcare policy as well as for decisions made by private companies about life insurance and annuity pricing. The paper presents a Bayesian approach to the forecasting of mortality that jointly estimates a generalized additive model (GAM) for mortality for the majority of the age range and a parametric model for older ages where the data are sparser. The GAM allows smooth components to be estimated for age, cohort and age‐specific improvement rates, together with a non‐smoothed period effect. Forecasts for the UK are produced by using data from the human mortality database spanning the period 1961–2013. A metric that approximates predictive accuracy is used to estimate weights for the ‘stacking’ of forecasts from models with different points of transition between the GAM and parametric elements. Mortality for males and females is estimated separately at first, but a joint model allows the asymptotic limit of mortality at old ages to be shared between sexes and furthermore provides for forecasts accounting for correlations in period innovations.

Suggested Citation

  • Jason Hilton & Erengul Dodd & Jonathan J. Forster & Peter W. F. Smith, 2019. "Projecting UK mortality by using Bayesian generalized additive models," Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series C, Royal Statistical Society, vol. 68(1), pages 29-49, January.
    • Handle: RePEc:bla:jorssc:v:68:y:2019:i:1:p:29-49
    DOI: 10.1111/rssc.12299
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    Cited by:

    1. Blake, David & Cairns, Andrew J.G., 2021. "Longevity risk and capital markets: The 2019-20 update," Insurance: Mathematics and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 99(C), pages 395-439.
    2. Xiaobai Zhu & Kenneth Q. Zhou & Zijia Wang, 2024. "A new paradigm of mortality modeling via individual vitality dynamics," Papers 2407.15388, arXiv.org, revised Oct 2024.
    3. Barigou, Karim & Goffard, Pierre-Olivier & Loisel, Stéphane & Salhi, Yahia, 2023. "Bayesian model averaging for mortality forecasting using leave-future-out validation," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 39(2), pages 674-690.
    4. Carl Schmertmann, 2021. "D-splines: Estimating rate schedules using high-dimensional splines with empirical demographic penalties," Demographic Research, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany, vol. 44(45), pages 1085-1114.
    5. Suryo Adi Rakhmawan & Tahir Mahmood & Nasir Abbas & Muhammad Riaz, 2024. "Unifying mortality forecasting model: an investigation of the COM–Poisson distribution in the GAS model for improved projections," Lifetime Data Analysis: An International Journal Devoted to Statistical Methods and Applications for Time-to-Event Data, Springer, vol. 30(4), pages 800-826, October.
    6. Carlo Giovanni Camarda, 2019. "Smooth constrained mortality forecasting," Demographic Research, Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany, vol. 41(38), pages 1091-1130.
    7. Graziani, Rebecca & NIGRI, ANDREA, 2023. "An Age–Period–Cohort Model in a Dirichlet Framework: A Coherent Causes of Death Estimation," SocArXiv 856yw, Center for Open Science.

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