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The Swedish system of innovation: Regional synergies in a knowledge-based economy

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  • Loet Leydesdorff
  • Øivind Strand

Abstract

Based on the complete set of firm data for Sweden (N = 1,187,421; November 2011), we analyze the mutual information among the geographical, technological, and organizational distributions in terms of synergies at regional and national levels. Using this measure, the interaction among three dimensions can become negative and thus indicate a net export of uncertainty by a system or, in other words, synergy in how knowledge functions are distributed over the carriers. Aggregation at the regional level (NUTS3) of the data organized at the municipal level (NUTS5) shows that 48.5% of the regional synergy is provided by the 3 metropolitan regions of Stockholm, Gothenburg, and Malmö/Lund. Sweden can be considered a centralized and hierarchically organized system. Our results accord with other statistics, but this triple helix indicator measures synergy more specifically and quantitatively. The analysis also provides us with validation for using this measure in previous studies of more regionalized systems of innovation (such as Hungary and Norway).
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Suggested Citation

  • Loet Leydesdorff & Øivind Strand, 2013. "The Swedish system of innovation: Regional synergies in a knowledge-based economy," Journal of the Association for Information Science & Technology, Association for Information Science & Technology, vol. 64(9), pages 1890-1902, September.
    • Handle: RePEc:bla:jinfst:v:64:y:2013:i:9:p:1890-1902
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    File URL: http://hdl.handle.net/10.1002/asi.22895
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    1. repec:hig:wpaper:98sti2019 is not listed on IDEAS
    2. Han Woo Park, 2014. "An interview with Loet Leydesdorff: the past, present, and future of the triple helix in the age of big data," Scientometrics, Springer;Akadémiai Kiadó, vol. 99(1), pages 199-202, April.
    3. Lengyel, Balázs & Leydesdorff, Loet, 2015. "The Effects of FDI on Innovation Systems in Hungarian Regions: Where is the Synergy Generated?," MPRA Paper 73945, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    4. Øivind Strand & Inga Ivanova & Loet Leydesdorff, 2017. "Decomposing the Triple-Helix synergy into the regional innovation systems of Norway: firm data and patent networks," Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology, Springer, vol. 51(3), pages 963-988, May.
    5. Ivanova, Inga A. & Leydesdorff, Loet, 2014. "Rotational symmetry and the transformation of innovation systems in a Triple Helix of university–industry–government relations," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 86(C), pages 143-156.
    6. Amalia-Elena Mochnacs & Speranta Pirciog & Throstur Olaf Sigurjonsson & Adriana Grigorescu, 2024. "A conceptual review of the higher education system based on open innovation (OI) perspectives," Palgrave Communications, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 11(1), pages 1-11, December.
    7. Inga A. Ivanova & Loet Leydesdorff, 2014. "A simulation model of the Triple Helix of university–industry–government relations and the decomposition of the redundancy," Scientometrics, Springer;Akadémiai Kiadó, vol. 99(3), pages 927-948, June.
    8. Seyed Mohammad Jafar Jalali & Han Woo Park, 2018. "State of the art in business analytics: themes and collaborations," Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology, Springer, vol. 52(2), pages 627-633, March.
    9. Inga Ivanova & Øivind Strand & Loet Leydesdorff, 2019. "What Is the Effect of Synergy Provided by International Collaborations on Regional Economies?," Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Springer;Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), vol. 10(1), pages 18-34, March.
    10. Inga Ivanova & Oivind Strand & Loet Leydesdorff, 2019. "The Synergy and Cycle Values in Regional Innovation Systems: The Case of Norway," Foresight and STI Governance (Foresight-Russia till No. 3/2015), National Research University Higher School of Economics, vol. 13(1), pages 48-61.
    11. Porto-Gomez, Igone & Zabala-Iturriagagoitia, Jon Mikel & Leydesdorff, Loet, 2019. "Innovation systems in México: A matter of missing synergies," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 148(C).
    12. Loet Leydesdorff & Igone Porto-Gomez, 2019. "Measuring the expected synergy in Spanish regional and national systems of innovation," The Journal of Technology Transfer, Springer, vol. 44(1), pages 189-209, February.
    13. Jessica García-Terán & Annika Skoglund, 2019. "A Processual Approach for the Quadruple Helix Model: the Case of a Regional Project in Uppsala," Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Springer;Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), vol. 10(3), pages 1272-1296, September.
    14. Loet Leydesdorff & Ping Zhou, 2014. "Measuring the knowledge-based economy of China in terms of synergy among technological, organizational, and geographic attributes of firms," Scientometrics, Springer;Akadémiai Kiadó, vol. 98(3), pages 1703-1719, March.
    15. Inga Ivanova & Oivind Strand & Loet Leydesdorff, 2014. "Synergy cycles in the Norwegian innovation system: The relation between synergy and cycle values," Papers 1409.2760, arXiv.org.

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