Portfolio returns and consumption growth covariation in the frequency domain, real economic activity, and expected returns

The slope of the portfolio return and consumption growth cospectrum contains predictive information about future real economic activity, future recession probabilities, the risk aversion coefficient, and future expected returns. Commonly used economic variables do not subsume the predictive power of the cospectrum slope and although the interest rate term spread largely fails to predict the financial crisis, the set of cospectrum slopes predicts the crisis with a 75% probability. The cospectrum slope significantly improves the fit of long‐horizon expected return models and contains more significant predictive information than the current dividend yield.