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The Role of Demand in Macroeconomics

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  • Hiroshi Yoshikawa

Abstract

I argue that the standard approach represented by real business cycle theory is misguided, and that a fundamentally different approach is necessary. The new approach, based on the method of statistical mechanics, leads us to a new concept of “equilibrium”. In equilibrium we must have a distribution of productivities rather than a unique level of productivity. We then find that demand plays a crucial role in the determination of the aggregate output, as the old Keynesian economics claims. I show that the demand constraint is important not only in short‐run but also in long‐run economic growth.

Suggested Citation

  • Hiroshi Yoshikawa, 2003. "The Role of Demand in Macroeconomics," The Japanese Economic Review, Japanese Economic Association, vol. 54(1), pages 1-27, March.
    • Handle: RePEc:bla:jecrev:v:54:y:2003:i:1:p:1-27
    DOI: 10.1111/1468-5876.00242
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Aghion, Philippe & Howitt, Peter, 1992. "A Model of Growth through Creative Destruction," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 60(2), pages 323-351, March.
    2. Laurence Ball & N. Gregory Mankiw & David Romer, 1988. "The New Keynsesian Economics and the Output-Inflation Trade-off," Brookings Papers on Economic Activity, Economic Studies Program, The Brookings Institution, vol. 19(1), pages 1-82.
    3. Masanao Aoki, 1995. "Economic Fluctuations With Interactive Agents: Dynamic And Stochastic Externalities," The Japanese Economic Review, Japanese Economic Association, vol. 46(2), pages 148-165, June.
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    Cited by:

    1. Aoki, Masanao & Yoshikawa, Hiroshi, 2006. "Uncertainty, policy ineffectiveness, and long stagnation of the macroeconomy," Japan and the World Economy, Elsevier, vol. 18(3), pages 261-272, August.
    2. AOYAMA Hideaki & IYETOMI Hiroshi & YOSHIKAWA Hiroshi, 2012. "Equilibrium Distribution of Labor Productivity," Discussion papers 12041, Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI).
    3. Hawkins, Raymond J. & Aoki, Masanao & Roy Frieden, B., 2010. "Asymmetric information and macroeconomic dynamics," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 389(17), pages 3565-3571.
    4. YOSHIKAWA Hiroshi, 2013. "Stochastic Macro-equilibrium and Microfoundations for Keynesian Economics," Discussion papers 13039, Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI).
    5. Gabe De Bondt, 2005. "Determinants of corporate debt securities in the Euro area," The European Journal of Finance, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 11(6), pages 493-509.
    6. Hiroshi Yoshikawa, 2015. "Stochastic macro-equilibrium: a microfoundation for the Keynesian economics," Journal of Economic Interaction and Coordination, Springer;Society for Economic Science with Heterogeneous Interacting Agents, vol. 10(1), pages 31-55, April.
    7. Hideaki Aoyama & Hiroshi Yoshikawa & Hiroshi Iyetomi & Yoshi Fujiwara, 2010. "Productivity dispersion: facts, theory, and implications," Journal of Economic Interaction and Coordination, Springer;Society for Economic Science with Heterogeneous Interacting Agents, vol. 5(1), pages 27-54, June.
    8. repec:esj:esridp:88 is not listed on IDEAS
    9. Hideaki Aoyama & Hiroshi Iyetomi & Hiroshi Yoshikawa, 2015. "Equilibrium distribution of labor productivity: a theoretical model," Journal of Economic Interaction and Coordination, Springer;Society for Economic Science with Heterogeneous Interacting Agents, vol. 10(1), pages 57-66, April.
    10. Hiroshi Nishi, 2016. "Structural change and transformation of growth regime in the Japanese economy," Evolutionary and Institutional Economics Review, Springer, vol. 13(1), pages 183-215, June.
    11. Alexis Toda, 2010. "Existence of a statistical equilibrium for an economy with endogenous offer sets," Economic Theory, Springer;Society for the Advancement of Economic Theory (SAET), vol. 45(3), pages 379-415, December.
    12. AOYAMA Hideaki & IYETOMI Hiroshi & SOUMA Wataru & YOSHIKAWA Hiroshi, 2015. "Application of the Concept of Entropy to Equilibrium in Macroeconomics," Discussion papers 15070, Research Institute of Economy, Trade and Industry (RIETI).
    13. JORGENSON Dale W. & MOTOHASHI Kazuyuki, 2004. "Potential Growth Of The Japanese And U.S. Economies In The Information Age," ESRI Discussion paper series 088, Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI).
    14. Hiroshi Yoshikawa, 2011. "Stochastic Macro-equilibrium and A Microfoundation for the Keynesian Economics," CIRJE F-Series CIRJE-F-827, CIRJE, Faculty of Economics, University of Tokyo.
    15. Hideaki Aoyama & Hiroshi Iyetomi & Hiroshi Yoshikawa, 2012. "Equilibrium Distribution of Labor Productivity: A Theoretical Model," Papers 1205.2470, arXiv.org.
    16. DiMaria, charles-henri, 2023. "Profitability, investment and capital productivity," MPRA Paper 118640, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    17. Hideaki Aoyama & Yoshi Fujiwara & Yuichi Ikeda & Hiroshi Iyetomi & Wataru Souma, 2009. "Superstatistics of Labour Productivity in Manufacturing and Nonmanufacturing Sectors," Papers 0901.1500, arXiv.org.

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