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Publish or patent: Bibliometric evidence for empirical trade‐offs in national funding strategies

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  • R. D. Shelton
  • Loet Leydesdorff

Abstract

Multivariate linear regression models suggest a trade‐off in allocations of national research and development (R&D). Government funding and spending in the higher education sector encourage publications as a long‐term research benefit. Conversely, other components such as industrial funding and spending in the business sector encourage patenting. Our results help explain why the United States trails the European Union in publications: The focus in the United States is on industrial funding—some 70% of its total R&D investment. Likewise, our results also help explain why the European Union trails the United States in patenting, since its focus on government funding is less effective than industrial funding in predicting triadic patenting. Government funding contributes negatively to patenting in a multiple regression, and this relationship is significant in the case of triadic patenting. We provide new forecasts about the relationships of the United States, the European Union, and China for publishing; these results suggest much later dates for changes than previous forecasts because Chinese growth has been slowing down since 2003. Models for individual countries might be more successful than regression models whose parameters are averaged over a set of countries because nations can be expected to differ historically in terms of the institutional arrangements and funding schemes.

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  • R. D. Shelton & Loet Leydesdorff, 2012. "Publish or patent: Bibliometric evidence for empirical trade‐offs in national funding strategies," Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology, Association for Information Science & Technology, vol. 63(3), pages 498-511, March.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:jamist:v:63:y:2012:i:3:p:498-511
    DOI: 10.1002/asi.21677
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    Cited by:

    1. Andreas Blom & George Lan & Mariam Adil, 2016. "Sub-Saharan African Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics Research," World Bank Publications - Books, The World Bank Group, number 23142.
    2. Loet Leydesdorff & Duncan Kushnir & Ismael Rafols, 2014. "Interactive overlay maps for US patent (USPTO) data based on International Patent Classification (IPC)," Scientometrics, Springer;Akadémiai Kiadó, vol. 98(3), pages 1583-1599, March.
    3. David Minguillo & Mike Thelwall, 2015. "Which are the best innovation support infrastructures for universities? Evidence from R&D output and commercial activities," Scientometrics, Springer;Akadémiai Kiadó, vol. 102(1), pages 1057-1081, January.
    4. R. D. Shelton, 2020. "Scientometric laws connecting publication counts to national research funding," Scientometrics, Springer;Akadémiai Kiadó, vol. 123(1), pages 181-206, April.
    5. Øivind Strand & Inga Ivanova & Loet Leydesdorff, 2017. "Decomposing the Triple-Helix synergy into the regional innovation systems of Norway: firm data and patent networks," Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology, Springer, vol. 51(3), pages 963-988, May.
    6. Hamdi A. Al-Jamimi & Galal M. BinMakhashen & Lutz Bornmann, 2022. "Use of bibliometrics for research evaluation in emerging markets economies: a review and discussion of bibliometric indicators," Scientometrics, Springer;Akadémiai Kiadó, vol. 127(10), pages 5879-5930, October.
    7. Strand, Øivind & Leydesdorff, Loet, 2013. "Where is synergy indicated in the Norwegian innovation system? Triple-Helix relations among technology, organization, and geography," Technological Forecasting and Social Change, Elsevier, vol. 80(3), pages 471-484.
    8. Fu, Junying & Frietsch, Rainer & Tagscherer, Ulrike, 2013. "Publication activity in the Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE) database in the context of Chinese science and technology policy from 1977 to 2012," Discussion Papers "Innovation Systems and Policy Analysis" 35, Fraunhofer Institute for Systems and Innovation Research (ISI).
    9. Leydesdorff, Loet & Wagner, Caroline S. & Bornmann, Lutz, 2014. "The European Union, China, and the United States in the top-1% and top-10% layers of most-frequently cited publications: Competition and collaborations," Journal of Informetrics, Elsevier, vol. 8(3), pages 606-617.
    10. Arkadiusz Œwiadek & Piotr Dzikowski & Jadwiga Gor¹czkowska & Marek Tomaszewski, 2022. "The National Innovation System in a catching-up country: empirical evidence based on micro data of a triple helix in Poland," Oeconomia Copernicana, Institute of Economic Research, vol. 13(2), pages 511-540, June.
    11. Loreto Mora-Apablaza & Carlos Navarrete, 2022. "Patents as indicators of the technological position of countries on a global level?," Scientometrics, Springer;Akadémiai Kiadó, vol. 127(3), pages 1233-1246, March.
    12. Jabłońska-Sabuka, Matylda & Sitarz, Robert & Kraslawski, Andrzej, 2014. "Forecasting research trends using population dynamics model with Burgers’ type interaction," Journal of Informetrics, Elsevier, vol. 8(1), pages 111-122.
    13. M. Gouveia & R. Inglesi-Lotz, 2021. "Examining the relationship between climate change-related research output and CO2 emissions," Scientometrics, Springer;Akadémiai Kiadó, vol. 126(11), pages 9069-9111, November.
    14. Tingting Liu & Xiaoxian Zhu & Mengqiu Cao, 2022. "Impacts of Reduced Inequalities on Quality Education: Examining the Relationship between Regional Sustainability and Higher Education," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(21), pages 1-15, October.

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