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Measurement Biases in Consumer Price Indexes

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  • Alan G. White

Abstract

The Consumer Price Index (CPI) measures the cost of purchasing a fixed basket of goods at a fixed sample of outlets over time, and can be thought of as a practical approximation to a “true” cost‐of‐living index, and a measure of general inflation for the economy. In more recent times, concerns over the possibility that the U.S. CPI overstates the rate of inflation have grown. Annual changes in the CPI are used to adjust social security benefits, and wage contracts are often indexed to CPI changes. To the extent that the CPI overstates the rate of inflation individuals are being compensated for changes in the cost‐of‐living that have not occurred–with enormous implications for government fiscal budgets. This paper presents an up‐to‐date survey of the principal sources of measurement error or bias in the CPI. A number of sources of bias are examined, including the commodity substitution bias, the outlet substitution bias, and the elementary index bias. Traditional bilateral index number theory assumes that the number of goods remains constant over the pricing period and furthermore, that the goods are of unchanging quality. Changes in either of these give rise to two further biases: the new goods bias and the quality bias. L'indice des prix à la consommation (IPC) mesure, au cours du temps, le coût d'acheter un panier invariant de biens auprès d'un échantillon constant de lieux de vehte, et peut être considéreacute; cocmme une approximation pratique d'un “vrai” indice du coût de la vie et comme une mesure de l'inflation général dans I'économie. Récemment, le doute engrndré aux Etat‐unis par l'éventualité d'une surestimation du taux d'inflation par l'IPC a crû.Les changements annuels dans l'IPC sont utilisés pour ajuster les prestations sociales, et les contrats de salaire sont souvent indexés sur les changements de l'IPC. Dans la mesure où l'IPC surestime le taux d'inflation, les agents économiques recoivent une compensation pour des changements dans le coût de la vie qui ne sont pas intervenus, avec des conséquences énormes sur les budget gouvernemetaux. Cet article passe en revue les principales sources d'erreur de mesurement (biais) de l'IPC. Quelques unes des sources de biais, comprenant entre autres le biais de substitution de produits,le biais de substitution de lieux de vente, et le bias d'indice élémentaire, sont examinées La théorie traditionnelles des indices bilatéraux fait l'hypothèse que la quantité de biens demeure inchangée au cours de la période de cueillette de prix et, en outre, que biens sont qualité constante. Relâcher l'une ou l'une ou l'autre de ces hypothèses fait apparaitre deux autres biais: le biais de nouveauté de nouveauté et le biais qualité.

Suggested Citation

  • Alan G. White, 1999. "Measurement Biases in Consumer Price Indexes," International Statistical Review, International Statistical Institute, vol. 67(3), pages 301-325, December.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:istatr:v:67:y:1999:i:3:p:301-325
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-5823.1999.tb00451.x
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    Cited by:

    1. Christophe Muller, 2008. "The Measurement Of Poverty With Geographical And Intertemporal Price Dispersion: Evidence From Rwanda," Review of Income and Wealth, International Association for Research in Income and Wealth, vol. 54(1), pages 27-49, March.
    2. Jacek Białek & Elżbieta Roszko-Wójtowicz, 2021. "Dynamics of price level changes in the Visegrad group: comparative study," Quality & Quantity: International Journal of Methodology, Springer, vol. 55(1), pages 357-384, February.
    3. Białek Jacek, 2019. "Remarks on Geo-Logarithmic Price Indices," Journal of Official Statistics, Sciendo, vol. 35(2), pages 287-317, June.
    4. Roszko-Wójtowicz Elżbieta & Białek Jacek, 2018. "The Size of the Substitution Bias of Inflation Measurement in Relation to the Level of Innovativeness of The European Union’s Economies," Econometrics. Advances in Applied Data Analysis, Sciendo, vol. 22(4), pages 79-97, December.
    5. Jacek Białek, 2014. "Application of the Original Price Index Formula to Measuring the CPI’s Commodity Substitution Bias," Statistics in Transition new series, Główny Urząd Statystyczny (Polska), vol. 15(1), pages 83-96, January.
    6. Białek Jacek, 2020. "Basic Statistics of Jevons and Carli Indices under the GBM Price Model," Journal of Official Statistics, Sciendo, vol. 36(4), pages 737-761, December.
    7. Jacek Białek, 2014. "Pomiar obciążenia wskaźnika cen towarów i usług konsumpcyjnych," Gospodarka Narodowa. The Polish Journal of Economics, Warsaw School of Economics, issue 3, pages 63-80.
    8. Ana M. Aizcorbe & Jeff Chen, 2022. "Outlet Substitution Bias Estimates for Ride Sharing and Taxi Rides in New York City," BEA Working Papers 0192, Bureau of Economic Analysis.
    9. Ana Aizcorbe & Jeffrey C. Chen, 2023. "Outlet Substitution Bias Estimates for Ride Sharing and Taxi Rides in New York City," Economic Statistics Centre of Excellence (ESCoE) Discussion Papers ESCoE DP-2023-02, Economic Statistics Centre of Excellence (ESCoE).

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