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The State and Marginality: Reflections on Urban Outcasts from China's Urban Transition

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  • FULONG WU

Abstract

This essay reflects on four structural logics of poverty generation, developed in Urban Outcasts. These are the logics of macro‐social, economic, political and spatial dynamics. Considering the Chinese context, the essay suggests that, rather than being isolated from mainstream production, the Chinese urban poor are engaged in global commodity production. While no obvious ghettos have been so far identified in Chinese cities, there are spatial concentrations of the poor in particular neighbourhoods. This spatial concentration is related to state institutions before and after economic reform. Throughout the process of poverty generation, the role of the state is prominent, as highlighted in Wacquant's research on American and French cities. I argue that the role of the state is complex, not just penal. One significant contribution of Wacquant's book is that it reveals important differences between French banlieues and American ghettoes, thus highlighting the need to examine place‐specific regimes of marginality. As for ‘advanced’ marginality, Wacquant emphasizes its structural causes, which are particularly relevant to China's urban transition. In China, we can also identify the ‘advanced’ stage of suppressing the poor in the process of urban change. Résumé Cet essai s'intéresse à quatre logiques structurelles de génération de la pauvreté, présentées dans Urban Outcasts (Parias urbains): les logiques des dynamiques macro‐sociale, économique, politique et spatiale. S'attachant au contexte chinois, l'essai suggère que, loin d'être isolés de l'activité de production dominante, les pauvres des villes chinoises participent à la production de biens mondiale. Jusqu'à présent, aucun cas manifeste de ghetto urbain n'a été identifié en Chine, même s'il existe des concentrations spatiales de pauvres dans certains quartiers. Cette concentration spatiale est liée aux institutions étatiques, avant et après la réforme économique. Au cours du processus générateur de pauvreté, le rôle de l'État est déterminant, comme l'ont souligné les travaux de Wacquant sur des villes américaines et françaises. À mon avis, le rôle de l'État est complexe, pas seulement pénal. L'un des apports appréciables du livre de Wacquant tient à ce qu'il révèle les différences notables entre les ‘banlieues’ françaises et les ghettos américains, mettant ainsi en avant la nécessité d'examiner les systèmes de marginalité en fonction du lieu. Quant à la marginalité‘avancée’, l'auteur insiste sur ses causes structurelles, lesquelles sont particulièrement pertinentes pour la période de transition urbaine chinoise. En Chine, on peut aussi identifier le stade ‘avancé’ d'élimination des pauvres dans le processus de transformation des villes.

Suggested Citation

  • Fulong Wu, 2009. "The State and Marginality: Reflections on Urban Outcasts from China's Urban Transition," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 33(3), pages 841-847, September.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:ijurrs:v:33:y:2009:i:3:p:841-847
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2427.2009.00921.x
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Sako Musterd, 2008. "Banlieues, the Hyperghetto and Advanced Marginality: A Symposium on Loïc Wacquant’s Urban Outcasts," City, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 12(1), pages 107-114, April.
    2. Fulong Wu, 2004. "Urban poverty and marginalization under market transition: the case of Chinese cities," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 28(2), pages 401-423, June.
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    2. Yang Zhan, 2018. "The urbanisation of rural migrants and the making of urban villages in contemporary China," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 55(7), pages 1525-1540, May.

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