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The Transnational Capitalist Class and Contemporary Architecture in Globalizing Cities

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  • LESLIE SKLAIR

Abstract

The focus of this article is on the role of the transnational capitalist class (TCC) in and around architecture in the production and marketing of iconic buildings and spaces, in global or world cities. The TCC is conceptualized in terms of four fractions: (1) Those who own and/or and control the major transnational corporations and their local affiliates (corporate fraction). In architecture these are the major architectural, architecture‐engineering and architecture‐developer‐real estate firms. In comparison with the major global consumer goods, energy and financial corporations the revenues of the biggest firms in the architecture industry are quite small. However, their importance for the built environment and their cultural importance, especially in cities, far outweighs their relative lack of financial and corporate muscle. (2) Globalizing politicians and bureaucrats (state fraction). These are the politicians and bureaucrats at all levels of administrative power and responsibility who actually decide what gets built where, and how changes to the built environment are regulated. (3) Globalizing professionals (technical fraction). The members of this fraction range from the leading technicians centrally involved in the structural features of new building to those responsible for the education of students and the public in architecture. (4) Merchants and media (consumerist fraction). These are the people who are responsible for the marketing of architecture in all its manifestations. (There is obviously some overlap between the membership of these fractions.). My conclusion is that many global and aspiring global cities have looked to iconic architecture as a prime strategy of urban intervention, often in the context of rehabilitation of depressed areas. The attempt to identify the agents most responsible for this transformation, namely the TCC, and to explain how they operate, suggests that deliberately iconic architecture is becoming a global phenomenon, specifically a central urban manifestation of the culture‐ideology of consumerism. L’article porte sur la classe capitaliste transnationale (TCC) au sein et à la périphérie de l’architecture, et sur son rôle dans la production et la commercialisation de constructions et espaces iconiques dans les villes mondiales ou planétaires. Cette classe se conceptualise en quatre fractions: (1) Ceux qui détiennent et/ou contrôlent les principaux groupes transnationaux et leurs sociétés affiliées locales (fraction économique): En architecture, il existe de grands cabinets d’architecture, d’ingénierie en architecture et d’architectes promoteurs immobiliers. Par rapport aux grosses sociétés multinationales de la finance, de l’énergie ou des biens de consommation, les recettes des plus importants cabinets sont assez faibles; pourtant, leur place dans l’environnement construit et la culture, notamment en milieu urbain, compensent largement leur impact relativement mince sur le plan financier et économique. (2) Les acteurs politiques et bureaucratiques de la mondialisation (fraction étatique): Il s’agit des politicients et bureaucrates à tous les niveaux de responsabilié et de pouvoir administratifs qui décident effectivement de ce qui est construit et où, ainsi que de la régulation des changements apportés à l’environnement construit. (3) Les acteurs professionnels de la mondialisation (fraction technique): Leur diversité va des techniciens de renom, surtout impliqués dans les caractéristiques structurelles des nouveaux bâtiments, à ceux qui sont chargés d’enseigner l’architecture aux étudiants et d’éduquer le public. (4) Marchands et médias (fraction consumériste): Ce sont les personnes responsables de la commercialisation de l’architecture dans toutes ses manifestations. Ces quatre fractions présentent bien sûr des intersections. On peut déduire que bon nombre de villes planétaires — ou aspirant à le devenir — ont opté pour une architecture iconique comme première stratégie d’intervention urbaine, souvent dans un contexte de réhabilitation de zones en déclin. Identifier les principaux agents responsables de cette transformation (la TCC) et expliquer leur mode de fonctionnement conduit à suggérer qu’une architecture délibérément iconique devient un phénomène mondial, plus précisément une manifestation urbaine essentielle de l’idéologie‐culture du consumérisme.

Suggested Citation

  • Leslie Sklair, 2005. "The Transnational Capitalist Class and Contemporary Architecture in Globalizing Cities," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 29(3), pages 485-500, September.
  • Handle: RePEc:bla:ijurrs:v:29:y:2005:i:3:p:485-500
    DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-2427.2005.00601.x
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    2. Jan Balke & Paul Reuber & Gerald Wood, 2018. "Iconic architecture and place-specific neoliberal governmentality: Insights from Hamburg’s Elbe Philharmonic Hall," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 55(5), pages 997-1012, April.
    3. Tom Percival & Paul Waley, 2012. "Articulating Intra-Asian Urbanism: The Production of Satellite Cities in Phnom Penh," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 49(13), pages 2873-2888, October.
    4. Gabriella Y. Carolini, 2017. "Sisyphean Dilemmas of Development: Contrasting Urban Infrastructure and Fiscal Policy Trends in Maputo, Mozambique," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 41(1), pages 126-144, January.
    5. Nathalie Boucher & Mariana Cavalcanti & Stefan Kipfer & Edgar Pieterse & Vyjayanthi Rao & Nasra Smith, 2008. "Writing the Lines of Connection: Unveiling the Strange Language of Urbanization," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 32(4), pages 989-1027, December.
    6. James R Faulconbridge, 2010. "Global Architects: Learning and Innovation through Communities and Constellations of Practice," Environment and Planning A, , vol. 42(12), pages 2842-2858, December.
    7. Matt Patterson, 2012. "The Role of the Public Institution in Iconic Architectural Development," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 49(15), pages 3289-3305, November.
    8. Natalie Koch, 2012. "Urban ‘Utopias’: The Disney Stigma and Discourses of ‘False Modernity’," Environment and Planning A, , vol. 44(10), pages 2445-2462, October.
    9. Albert S. Fu & Martin J. Murray, 2014. "Glorified Fantasies and Masterpieces of Deception on Importing Las Vegas into the ‘New South Africa’," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 38(3), pages 843-863, May.
    10. Gabriel Ahlfeldt & Wolfgang Maennig, 2010. "Stadium Architecture and Urban Development from the Perspective of Urban Economics," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 34(3), pages 629-646, September.
    11. Gabriel M. Ahlfeldt, 2010. "Architektur, Ökonomie – Architekturökonomie," Perspektiven der Wirtschaftspolitik, Verein für Socialpolitik, vol. 11(4), pages 340-355, November.
    12. Edeltraud Haselsteiner & Blerta Vula Rizvanolli & Paola Villoria Sáez & Odysseas Kontovourkis, 2021. "Drivers and Barriers Leading to a Successful Paradigm Shift toward Regenerative Neighborhoods," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 13(9), pages 1-22, May.
    13. Anne Haila, 2008. "From Annankatu to Antinkatu: Contracts, Development Rights and Partnerships in Kamppi, Helsinki," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 32(4), pages 804-814, December.
    14. Antoine Guironnet, 2019. "Cities on the global real estate marketplace: urban development policy and the circulation of financial standards in two French localities," Post-Print halshs-02297204, HAL.
    15. Ahlfeldt, Gabriel M. & Georgios, Kavetsos, 2010. "Form or Function? The Impact of New Football Stadia on Property Prices in London," MPRA Paper 25003, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    16. Paul Knox, 2011. "Starchitects, Starchitecture and the Symbolic Capital of World Cities," Chapters, in: Ben Derudder & Michael Hoyler & Peter J. Taylor & Frank Witlox (ed.), International Handbook of Globalization and World Cities, chapter 24, Edward Elgar Publishing.
    17. Gerardo del Cerro Santamaría, 2009. "Book Review: The Practice of Modernism: Modern Architects and Urban Transformation, 1954—1972 John Gold, 2007 London: Taylor and Francis 332 pp. £84.95 hardback; £32.99 paperback ISBN 978 04152584," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 46(7), pages 1513-1515, June.
    18. Jan van der Borg & Erwin van Tuijl, 2011. "Upgrading of Symbolic and Synthetic Knowledge Bases: Analysis of the Architecture, Engineering and Construction industry and the Automotive Industry in China," Working Papers 2011_25, Department of Economics, University of Venice "Ca' Foscari".
    19. Enora Robin & Laura Nkula-Wenz, 2021. "Beyond the success/failure of travelling urban models: Exploring the politics of time and performance in Cape Town’s East City," Environment and Planning C, , vol. 39(6), pages 1252-1273, September.
    20. Paul Jones, 2009. "Putting Architecture in its Social Place: A Cultural Political Economy of Architecture," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 46(12), pages 2519-2536, November.
    21. Shiuh-Shen Chien, 2008. "The Isomorphism of Local Development Policy: A Case Study of the Formation and Transformation of National Development Zones in Post-Mao Jiangsu, China," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 45(2), pages 273-294, February.
    22. Tobias Franz, 2019. "Why ‘Good Governance’ Fails: Lessons from Regional Economic Development in Colombia," International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 43(4), pages 776-785, July.
    23. Allan Watson & Jonathan V. Beaverstock, 2014. "World City Network Research at a Theoretical Impasse: On the Need to Re-Establish Qualitative Approaches to Understanding Agency in World City Networks," Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie, Royal Dutch Geographical Society KNAG, vol. 105(4), pages 412-426, September.
    24. Leslie Sklair, 2009. "Commentary: From the Consumerist/ Oppressive City to the Functional/ Emancipatory City," Urban Studies, Urban Studies Journal Limited, vol. 46(12), pages 2703-2711, November.

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