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Abstract
This article deals with the relationship of religion to space, ethnicity and political domination, through the case of the Orisha religion in Africa and the Americas. This religion originated in the south‐east of present‐day Nigeria and was first re‐implanted in the Americas as a result of the deportation of thousands of Yoruba slaves, especially to Cuba. Today, it is experiencing a second transplantation, resulting from Cuban emigration, mainly to the United States. These two moves, from Africa to Cuba and then from Cuba to the United States, have been associated with successive processes of territorialization and dissemination in very different social and political contexts, which are analysed in historical sequence. On each occasion, transmission through lineage and dissemination through proximity seem to have come into play, in varying degrees according to the socio‐political context. Even though religion and ethnic identity were closely linked in Africa, the Orisha religion has spread into populations of European and mixed‐race origin in Cuba. The United States is witnessing a form of ‘re‐ethnicization’ of this religion in the black population and in the Hispanic population, with notable differences between the East Coast and California. Cet article a pour objet le rapport de la religion à l’espace, à l’ethnicité et à la domination politique dans le cas de la religion des orisha en Afrique et dans les Amériques. Cette religion, originaire du sud‐ouest de l’actuel Nigeria, s’est d’abord réimplantée dans les Amériques du fait de la déportation de milliers d’esclaves yoruba, à Cuba en particulier. Elle connaît aujourd’hui une seconde transplantation du fait de l’émigration cubaine, aux Etats‐Unis principalement. Les deux déplacements, de l’Afrique vers Cuba puis de Cuba vers les Etats‐Unis, sont associés à des processus successifs de territorialisation et de diffusion dans des contextes sociaux et politiques très différents, qui sont analysés dans leur succession historique. A chaque moment historique, il apparaît que transmission lignagère et diffusion par proximité jouent à des degrés variables selon les contextes socio‐politiques. Alors que religion et identité ethnique étaient étroitement liés en Afrique, la religion des orisha s’est diffusée dans la population d’origine européenne et métisse à Cuba. Aux Etats‐Unis, on assiste à une forme de ‘ré‐ethnicisation’ de cette religion dans la population noire et dans la population hispanique, avec des différences notables entre la côte Est et la Californie.
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