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Do Business Borrowers Benefit from Bank Bailouts?: The Effects of TARP on Loan Contract Terms

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  • Allen N. Berger
  • Tanakorn Makaew
  • Raluca A. Roman

Abstract

We investigate benefits to business borrowers from bank bailouts, specifically the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP). Applying difference‐in‐difference methodology to loan‐level data, we find more favorable borrower contract terms in five dimensions, spread, amount, maturity, collateral, and covenants, suggesting increased credit supply at the intensive margin by bailed‐out banks. Findings are robust to dealing with endogeneity and other issues. Riskier borrowers benefit more, consistent with moral hazard exploitation. Small and unlisted borrowers benefit less, suggesting fewer benefits for financially constrained firms. Benefits accrue to both relationship and nonrelationship borrowers. Results contribute to the research and policy debates on bank bailouts.

Suggested Citation

  • Allen N. Berger & Tanakorn Makaew & Raluca A. Roman, 2019. "Do Business Borrowers Benefit from Bank Bailouts?: The Effects of TARP on Loan Contract Terms," Financial Management, Financial Management Association International, vol. 48(2), pages 575-639, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:bla:finmgt:v:48:y:2019:i:2:p:575-639
    DOI: 10.1111/fima.12222
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    Cited by:

    1. Norden, Lars & Udell, Gregory F. & Wang, Teng, 2020. "Do bank bailouts affect the provision of trade credit?11All errors are our own. The views expressed in this paper are solely those of the authors and should not be interpreted as reflecting the views ," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 60(C).
    2. Isabella Müller & Felix Noth & Lena Tonzer, 2022. "A Note on the Use of Syndicated Loan Data," Tinbergen Institute Discussion Papers 22-064/IV, Tinbergen Institute.
    3. Allen N. Berger & Martien Lamers & Raluca A. Roman & Koen Schoors, 2023. "Supply and Demand Effects of Bank Bailouts: Depositors Need Not Apply and Need Not Run," Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Blackwell Publishing, vol. 55(6), pages 1397-1442, September.
    4. Berger, Allen N. & Demirgüç-Kunt, Asli, 2021. "Banking research in the time of COVID-19," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 57(C).
    5. Tan, Brandon & Igan, Deniz & Martinez Peria, Maria Soledad & Pierri, Nicola & Presbitero, Andrea F., 2021. "Government intervention and bank markups: Lessons from the global financial crisis for the COVID-19 crisis," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 133(C).
    6. Viral V Acharya & Lea Borchert & Maximilian Jager & Sascha Steffen, 2021. "Kicking the Can Down the Road: Government Interventions in the European Banking Sector," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 34(9), pages 4090-4131.
    7. Çağlar Hamarat & Daniel Broby, 2022. "Regulatory constraint and small business lending: do innovative peer-to-peer lenders have an advantage?," Financial Innovation, Springer;Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, vol. 8(1), pages 1-25, December.
    8. Corbet, Shaen & Cumming, Douglas J. & Hou, Yang (Greg) & Hu, Yang & Oxley, Les, 2022. "Have crisis-induced banking supports influenced European bank performance, resilience and price discovery?," Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, Elsevier, vol. 78(C).
    9. Viral V. Acharya & Lea Borchert & Maximilian Jager & Sascha Steffen, 2023. "Kicking the Can Down the Road: Government Interventions in the European Banking Sector," CRC TR 224 Discussion Paper Series crctr224_2023_446, University of Bonn and University of Mannheim, Germany.
    10. Manuel Monjas & María Rocamora & Nuria Suárez, 2023. "Determinants of bail-in debt yields in the EU banking sector: a multi-country approach with idiosyncratic factors," Empirica, Springer;Austrian Institute for Economic Research;Austrian Economic Association, vol. 50(4), pages 1055-1095, November.
    11. Gao, Jieqiong & Ghosh, Chinmoy, 2024. "The longer-term impact of TARP on banks’ default risk," The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 95(C), pages 346-357.
    12. Allen N. Berger & Martien Lamers & Raluca A. Roman & Koen Schoors, 2020. "Unexpected Effects of Bank Bailouts:Depositors Need Not Apply and Need Not Run," Working Papers of Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Ghent University, Belgium 20/1005, Ghent University, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration.
    13. Dinger, Valeriya & Erman, Lisardo & te Kaat, Daniel Marcel, 2022. "Bank bailouts and economic growth: Evidence from cross-country, cross-industry data," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 60(C).
    14. Jin, Ling & Li, Zhisheng & Lu, Lei & Ni, Xiaoran, 2023. "Does stock market rescue affect investment efficiency in the real sector?," Journal of Financial Markets, Elsevier, vol. 65(C).
    15. Roman, Raluca A., 2020. "Winners and losers from supervisory enforcement actions against banks," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 60(C).
    16. Bolortuya Enkhtaivan & Wenling Lu, 2021. "The effect of TARP on lending: Evidence from the lead bank’s share in syndicated loans," Review of Quantitative Finance and Accounting, Springer, vol. 57(4), pages 1169-1193, November.
    17. Lyndon Moore & Gertjan Verdickt, 2022. "Railroad Bailouts in the Great Depression," Papers 2205.13025, arXiv.org, revised May 2023.
    18. Berger, Allen N. & Molyneux, Phil & Wilson, John O.S., 2020. "Banks and the real economy: An assessment of the research," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 62(C).
    19. Allen N. Berger & Onesime Epouhe & Raluca Roman, 2021. "A Tale of Two Bailouts: Effects of TARP and PPP on Subprime Consumer Debt," Working Papers 21-32, Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia.
    20. Rebel A. Cole & Jason Damm, 2020. "How Did The Financial Crisis Affect Small‐Business Lending In The United States?," Journal of Financial Research, Southern Finance Association;Southwestern Finance Association, vol. 43(4), pages 767-820, December.
    21. Del Viva, Luca & Kasanen, Eero & Saunders, Anthony & Trigeorgis, Lenos, 2021. "US government TARP bailout and bank lottery behavior," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 66(C).
    22. Evans, Joshua J. & Haq, Mamiza, 2022. "Does bank capital reduce liquidity creation?," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 54(C).

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