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Instrumental Variables Analysis and the Role of National Culture in Corporate Finance

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  • Robert Nash
  • Ajay Patel

Abstract

In this article, we identify and review instrumental variables used to study the relation between national culture and finance. Recognizing that an effective instrument must be correlated with the endogenous variable (relevance condition) and must not be correlated with the outcome variable (exclusion condition), we conduct analysis and provide theoretical arguments to ascertain the ability of each candidate instrument to meet these criteria. We further document where to locate the data to form the actual instruments. Overall, we design this study to help future authors weigh the strengths and weaknesses of using specific instruments and to better inform empirical strategies for addressing the endogeneity concerns inherent in the “culture and finance” literature.

Suggested Citation

  • Robert Nash & Ajay Patel, 2019. "Instrumental Variables Analysis and the Role of National Culture in Corporate Finance," Financial Management, Financial Management Association International, vol. 48(2), pages 385-416, June.
    • Handle: RePEc:bla:finmgt:v:48:y:2019:i:2:p:385-416
    DOI: 10.1111/fima.12248
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    Cited by:

    1. Dai, Na & Nahata, Rajarishi & Brauner, Aaron, 2022. "Does individualism matter for hedge funds? A cross-country examination," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 72(C).
    2. Lu, Weijie & Niu, Geng & Zhou, Yang, 2021. "Individualism and financial inclusion," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 183(C), pages 268-288.
    3. Gaganis, Chrysovalantis & Hasan, Iftekhar & Pasiouras, Fotios, 2020. "National culture and housing credit," Journal of Empirical Finance, Elsevier, vol. 56(C), pages 19-41.
    4. Frijns, Bart & Hubers, Frank & Kim, Donghoon & Roh, Tai-Yong & Xu, Yahua, 2022. "National culture and corporate risk-taking around the world," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 52(C).
    5. Fotios Pasiouras & Elie Bouri & David Roubaud & Emilios Galariotis, 2021. "Culture and Multiple Firm–Bank Relationships: A Matter of Secrecy and Trust?," Journal of Business Ethics, Springer, vol. 174(1), pages 221-249, November.
    6. Dodd, Olga & Frijns, Bart & Garel, Alexandre, 2022. "Cultural diversity among directors and corporate social responsibility," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 83(C).
    7. Gutiérrez-Romero, Roxana, 2022. "Conflicts increased in Africa shortly after COVID-19 lockdowns, but welfare assistance reduced fatalities," Economic Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 116(C).
    8. Choi, Ahrum & Jia, Jingyi & Song, Byron Y. & Zhou, Gaoguang, 2024. "Cultural tightness and financial reporting behavior around the world," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 178(C).
    9. Roxana Gutiérrez-Romero, 2020. "Conflict in Africa during COVID-19: social distancing, food vulnerability and welfare response," Working Papers 104, Queen Mary, University of London, School of Business and Management, Centre for Globalisation Research.
    10. Bermpei, Theodora & Degl’Innocenti, Marta & Kalyvas, Antonios Nikolaos & Zhou, Si, 2023. "Lender individualism and monitoring: Evidence from syndicated loans," Journal of Financial Stability, Elsevier, vol. 66(C).
    11. Gaganis, Chrysovalantis & Pasiouras, Fotios & Wohlschlegel, Ansgar, 2021. "Allocating supervisory responsibilities to central bankers: Does national culture matter?," International Review of Law and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 67(C).
    12. Assmann, Daisy & Ehrl, Philipp, 2021. "Individualistic culture and entrepreneurial opportunities," Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, Elsevier, vol. 188(C), pages 1248-1268.
    13. Alipour, Ali & Yaprak, Attila, 2024. "National culture and firms’ cash holdings: The role of indulgence and its boundaries," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 172(C).
    14. Roxana Guti'errez-Romero, 2020. "Conflict in Africa during COVID-19: social distancing, food vulnerability and welfare response," Papers 2006.10696, arXiv.org.
    15. Aram, Mohsen & Nejadmalayeri, Ali, 2023. "National culture, lines of credit, and firm liquidity," International Review of Financial Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 90(C).
    16. Idrees Liaqat & Yongqiang Gao & Faheem Ur Rehman & Zoltán Lakner & Judit Oláh, 2022. "National Culture and Financial Inclusion: Evidence from Belt and Road Economies," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 14(6), pages 1-21, March.
    17. Mevlut Tatliyer & Nurullah Gur, 2022. "Individualism and Working Hours: Macro-Level Evidence," Social Indicators Research: An International and Interdisciplinary Journal for Quality-of-Life Measurement, Springer, vol. 159(2), pages 733-755, January.
    18. Knetsch, Andreas & Salzmann, Astrid, 2022. "Societal trust and corporate underinvestment," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 54(C).
    19. Paolo Esposito & Emanuele Doronzo & Spiridione Lucio Dicorato, 2023. "The financial and green effects of cultural values on mission drifts in European social enterprises," Business Strategy and the Environment, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 32(1), pages 1-29, January.
    20. Gaganis, Chrysovalantis & Leledakis, George & Pasiouras, Fotios & Pyrgiotakis, Emmanouil, 2021. "National culture of secrecy and stock price synchronicity: Cross-country evidence," MPRA Paper 105432, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    21. Chui, Andy C.W. & Li, Xiao & Saffar, Walid, 2021. "National culture and the choice between bank debt and public debt," Pacific-Basin Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 70(C).

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