Comparative Analysis of Thermal Comfort in Residential Buildings: A Study of the impact of Urban Density, Height, and Layout Patterns in the Context of Dhaka

The thermal environment of residential spaces significantly influences residents’ physical and emotional well-being, affecting daily activities and overall quality of life. With a growing global emphasis on sustainability, energy efficiency, and healthy living understanding how architectural and urban elements impact thermal comfort becomes crucial. This study focuses on Dhaka, Situated in a tropical monsoon climate, this context presents unique challenges for ensuring thermal comfort within structures. The research conducts a comparative analysis of two residential structures with different layout configurations but similar orientations, situated in diverse urban settings with varying levels of density, exposure and openings. Investigating the influence of urban density, adequate openings, shading within the plan layout, and vertical positioning of structures on residents’ thermal comfort, the study employs extensive field data collection, observation, questionnaire survey and simulation. The findings indicate that high-density residential areas offer advantages such as reduced direct heat intake and loss, yet may encounter challenges including limited natural ventilation and increased heat absorption, resulting in elevated indoor temperatures. Conversely, low-density areas with open spaces benefit from enhanced natural ventilation and reduced heat accumulation, leading to improved thermal comfort, particularly in hot and humid conditions. This paper underscores the significance of considering architectural and urban aspects in residential buildings in Dhaka’s context to ensure the thermal comfort and well-being of residents. By addressing these factors, designers and urban planners can contribute to creating healthier and more sustainable living environments amidst changing climatic conditions.