IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/a/bcp/journl/v7y2023i10p2320-2332.html
   My bibliography  Save this article

Effect of Government Funding to Secondary Schools on Gender Parity in Kenya

Author

Listed:
  • Jackline Kavoki

    (School Of Business And Economics, Maseno University, Kenya)

  • Dr. Evans Kiganda PhD

    (School Of Business And Economics, Kaimosi Friends University, Kenya)

  • Dr. Destaings Nyongesa PhD

    (School Of Business And Economics, Maseno University, Kenya)

Abstract

Education is seen as a key driver to any economy because of its ability to develop human capital which is essential to the growth of any economy. In order to achieve the sustainable development goals (SDG’S), the government of Kenya has to ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promotion of learning outcomes for all. Attaining gender parity measured by gender parity index (GPI) of 1 in enrolment is vital for realizing gender equality in education. Education for all (EFA) goal 5 advocates for eradicating gender disparities in both primary and secondary education. Most of the studies done on the effect of public education expenditure on education outcomes used primary school enrolment, secondary school enrolment, adult literacy rate and secondary school transition rate as measures for education outcomes as opposed to gender parity. The studies also used total expenditure on education as opposed to the expenditure at various levels of education. The purpose of this study was therefore to determine the effect of government funding to secondary schools on gender parity in Kenya. The study was anchored on the human capital theory and on the Musgrave and Rostow’s public expenditure theory. The study used a correlational research design based on annual time series data spanning 50 years from 1972-2021 obtained from the world development indicators. The study employed the Johansen Co-integration test to establish the long run relationship between the variables, the Vector Error Correction Mechanism to integrate long run and short run dynamics and Granger causality for directional causality. The study revealed unidirectional causality from public expenditure on secondary education to gender parity. The normalized co-integrating coefficients of 8.94 implied that a one percent increase in public expenditure on secondary education increased gender parity by 8.94% in the long run. In view of this, the study is significant to academia by adding to the existing body of knowledge and useful to the government in coming up with policies that will help increase the gender parity to 1.

Suggested Citation

  • Jackline Kavoki & Dr. Evans Kiganda PhD & Dr. Destaings Nyongesa PhD, 2023. "Effect of Government Funding to Secondary Schools on Gender Parity in Kenya," International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science, International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), vol. 7(10), pages 2320-2332, October.
    • Handle: RePEc:bcp:journl:v:7:y:2023:i:10:p:2320-2332
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/Digital-Library/volume-7-issue-10/2320-2332.pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    File URL: https://www.rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/articles/effect-of-government-funding-to-secondary-schools-on-gender-parity-in-kenya/
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. K.S. Apsara Mendis & Masaru Ichihashi, 2014. "Impact of Government Spending on Education and Health in Sri Lanka : A Provincial Level Analysis," IDEC DP2 Series 4-8, Hiroshima University, Graduate School for International Development and Cooperation (IDEC).
    2. Dauda, Risikat Oladoyin S., 2011. "Effect of Public Educational Spending and Macroeconomic Uncertainty on Schooling Outcomes: Evidence from Nigeria," Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Science, Universidad ESAN, vol. 16(31), pages 7-21.
    3. Gupta, Sanjeev & Verhoeven, Marijn & Tiongson, Erwin R., 2002. "The effectiveness of government spending on education and health care in developing and transition economies," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 18(4), pages 717-737, November.
    4. Fix, Blair, 2018. "The Trouble With Human Capital Theory," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, issue 86, pages 15-32.
    5. Fix, Blair, 2018. "The Trouble with Human Capital Theory," SocArXiv ax6k7, Center for Open Science.
    6. Fix, Blair, 2018. "The trouble with human capital theory," Working Papers on Capital as Power 2018/07, Capital As Power - Toward a New Cosmology of Capitalism.
    7. John Anyanwu & Andrew E. O. Erhijakpor, 2007. "Working Paper 92 - Education Expenditures and School Enrolment in Africa: Illustrations from Nigeria and Other SANE Countries," Working Paper Series 227, African Development Bank.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Fix, Blair, 2019. "How the Rich Are Different: Hierarchical Power as the Basis of Income Size and Class," SocArXiv t8muy, Center for Open Science.
    2. Blair Fix, 2021. "How the rich are different: hierarchical power as the basis of income size and class," Journal of Computational Social Science, Springer, vol. 4(2), pages 403-454, November.
    3. Fix, Blair, 2019. "How the rich are different: Hierarchical power as the basis of income size and class," Working Papers on Capital as Power 2019/02 (v.2), Capital As Power - Toward a New Cosmology of Capitalism.
    4. Fix, Blair, 2021. "The Rise of Human Capital Theory," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, issue 95, pages 29-41.
    5. Msomi Thabiso Sthembiso & Olarewaju Odunayo Magret & Ngcobo Xolani, 2021. "Sustaining South African Small and Medium-sized Enterprises Through Monetary Access and Literacy in the COVID-19 ERA," Folia Oeconomica Stetinensia, Sciendo, vol. 21(2), pages 57-75, December.
    6. Hickel, Jason & Dorninger, Christian & Wieland, Hanspeter & Suwandi, Intan, 2022. "Imperialist appropriation in the world economy: drain from the global South through unequal exchange, 1990–2015," LSE Research Online Documents on Economics 113823, London School of Economics and Political Science, LSE Library.
    7. Ferry Prasetyia, 2019. "The role of local government policy on secondary school enrolment decision in Indonesia," Eurasian Economic Review, Springer;Eurasia Business and Economics Society, vol. 9(2), pages 139-172, June.
    8. Emanuele Baldacci & Maria Teresa Guin-Siu & Luiz De Mello, 2003. "More on the effectiveness of public spending on health care and education: a covariance structure model," Journal of International Development, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 15(6), pages 709-725.
    9. repec:ces:ifodic:v:14:y:2016:i:1:p:19204333 is not listed on IDEAS
    10. Muhammad Akram & Faheem Jehangir Khan, 2007. "Public Provision of Education and Government Spending in Pakistan," PIDE-Working Papers 2007:40, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics.
    11. Micheal Kofi Boachie & K. Ramu & Tatjana Põlajeva, 2018. "Public Health Expenditures and Health Outcomes: New Evidence from Ghana," Economies, MDPI, vol. 6(4), pages 1-25, October.
    12. Chimere O. Iheonu & Simplice A. Asongu, 2022. "Democracy and Lifelong Learning in Africa," Working Papers 22/067, European Xtramile Centre of African Studies (EXCAS).
    13. Mohamed Dridi, 2014. "Corruption and Education: Empirical Evidence," International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, Econjournals, vol. 4(3), pages 476-493.
    14. Qiang Li & Lian An & Jing Xu & Mina Baliamoune-Lutz, 2018. "Corruption costs lives: evidence from a cross-country study," The European Journal of Health Economics, Springer;Deutsche Gesellschaft für Gesundheitsökonomie (DGGÖ), vol. 19(1), pages 153-165, January.
    15. Raaj Kishore Biswas & Enamul Kabir & Refat Bin Reza Rafi, 2019. "Investment in Research and Development Compared to Military Expenditure: Is Research Worthwhile?," Defence and Peace Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 30(7), pages 846-857, November.
    16. Achmad Solihin & Djoko Mursinto & Lilik Sugiharti, 2017. "Efficiency and Effectiveness of Government Expenditure on Education at Districts/Cities Level in East Java Indonesia," Asian Social Science, Canadian Center of Science and Education, vol. 13(8), pages 1-91, August.
    17. Mansour Farahani & S. V. Subramanian & David Canning, 2010. "Effects of state‐level public spending on health on the mortality probability in India," Health Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 19(11), pages 1361-1376, November.
    18. Ifunanyachukwu N. & Risikat O. S. Dauda, 2019. "Education, Health Expenditure and the Quality of Life in Nigeria," Academic Journal of Economic Studies, Faculty of Finance, Banking and Accountancy Bucharest,"Dimitrie Cantemir" Christian University Bucharest, vol. 5(4), pages 94-102, December.
    19. Seemab Gillani & Muhammad Nouman Shafiq & Tusawar Iftikhar Ahmad, 2019. "Military Expenditures and Health Outcomes: A Global Perspective," iRASD Journal of Energy and Environment, International Research Association for Sustainable Development (iRASD), vol. 1(1), pages 1-20, June.
    20. Marwa Sahnoun & Chokri Abdennadher, 2020. "Education and Corruption: a Stochastic Frontier Analysis: Evidence from Developed and Developing Countries," Journal of the Knowledge Economy, Springer;Portland International Center for Management of Engineering and Technology (PICMET), vol. 11(3), pages 968-981, September.
    21. Dhrifi, Abdelhafidh, 2018. "Health-care expenditures, economic growth and infant mortality: evidence from developed and developing countries," Revista CEPAL, Naciones Unidas Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe (CEPAL), August.

    More about this item

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:bcp:journl:v:7:y:2023:i:10:p:2320-2332. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Dr. Pawan Verma (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://rsisinternational.org/journals/ijriss/ .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.