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Income Inequality, Household Income, and Health Status in Canada: A Prospective Cohort Study

Author

Listed:
  • McLeod, C.B.
  • Lavis, J.N.
  • Mustard, C.A.
  • Stoddart, G.L.

Abstract

Objectives. This study sought to determine whether income inequality, household income, and their interaction are associated with health status. Methods. Income inequality and area income measures were linked to data on household income and individual characteristics from the 1994 Canadian National Population Health Survey and to data on self-reported health status from the 1994, 1996, and 1998 survey waves. Results. Income inequality was not associated with health status. Low household income was consistently associated with poor health. The combination of low household income and residence in a metropolitan area with less income inequality was associated with poorer health status than was residence in an area with more income inequality. Conclusions. Household income, but not income inequality, appears to explain some of the differences in health status among Canadians.

Suggested Citation

  • McLeod, C.B. & Lavis, J.N. & Mustard, C.A. & Stoddart, G.L., 2003. "Income Inequality, Household Income, and Health Status in Canada: A Prospective Cohort Study," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 93(8), pages 1287-1293.
    • Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:2003:93:8:1287-1293_5
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    Cited by:

    1. Veenstra, Gerry & Vanzella-Yang, Adam, 2022. "Interactions between parental and personal socioeconomic resources and self-rated health: Adjudicating between the resource substitution and resource multiplication theories," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 292(C).
    2. Cifuentes, Manuel & Sembajwe, Grace & Tak, SangWoo & Gore, Rebecca & Kriebel, David & Punnett, Laura, 2008. "The association of major depressive episodes with income inequality and the human development index," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 67(4), pages 529-539, August.
    3. Paula K. Lorgelly & Joanne Lindley, 2008. "What is the relationship between income inequality and health? Evidence from the BHPS," Health Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 17(2), pages 249-265, February.
    4. Karlsdotter, Kristina & Martín Martín, José J. & López del Amo González, M. Puerto, 2012. "Multilevel analysis of income, income inequalities and health in Spain," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 74(7), pages 1099-1106.
    5. Celeste, Roger Keller & Nadanovsky, Paulo & Ponce de Leon, Antonio & Fritzell, Johan, 2009. "The individual and contextual pathways between oral health and income inequality in Brazilian adolescents and adults," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 69(10), pages 1468-1475, November.
    6. Chen, Zhuo & Meltzer, David, 2008. "Beefing up with the Chans: Evidence for the effects of relative income and income inequality on health from the China Health and Nutrition Survey," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 66(11), pages 2206-2217, June.
    7. Lindley & Lorgelly, 2005. "The relative income hypothesis: does it exist over time? Evidence from the BHPS," Labor and Demography 0510007, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    8. Jon Erik Finnvold, 2019. "How Income Inequality and Immigrant Background Affect children’s Use of Mental Healthcare Services in Oslo, Norway," Child Indicators Research, Springer;The International Society of Child Indicators (ISCI), vol. 12(6), pages 1881-1896, December.
    9. Pulok, Mohammad Habibullah & Hajizadeh, Mohammad, 2022. "Equity in the use of physician services in Canada's universal health system: A longitudinal analysis of older adults," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 307(C).
    10. Rostila, Mikael & Kölegård, Maria L. & Fritzell, Johan, 2012. "Income inequality and self-rated health in Stockholm, Sweden: A test of the ‘income inequality hypothesis’ on two levels of aggregation," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 74(7), pages 1091-1098.
    11. Jianfeng Yao and Fafanyo Asiseh, 2019. "An Economic Analysis of Household Income Inequality and BMI in China," Journal of Economic Development, Chung-Ang Unviersity, Department of Economics, vol. 44(1), pages 23-37, March.
    12. Veenstra, Gerry & Vanzella-Yang, Adam, 2020. "Family income and self-rated health in Canada: Using fixed effects models to control for unobserved confounders and investigate causal temporality," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 250(C).
    13. Batana, Yélé Maweki, 2010. "Evolution of social inequalities in health in Quebec?," MPRA Paper 20710, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    14. Ibrahima Bocoum & Aurelas B. Tohon & Roger Rukundo & Catherine Macombe & Jean-Pierre Revéret, 2019. "Effect of Income Inequality on Health in Quebec: New Insights from Panel Data," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 11(20), pages 1-17, October.
    15. Loree, Jacob, 2015. "State Level Income Inequality and Individual Self-Reported Health Status: Evidence from the United States," MPRA Paper 72638, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    16. Yusuf Çelik & Mahmud Khan & Neşet Hikmet, 2017. "Achieving value for money in health: a comparative analysis of OECD countries and regional countries," International Journal of Health Planning and Management, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 32(4), pages 279-298, October.
    17. Salti, Nisreen, 2010. "Relative deprivation and mortality in South Africa," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 70(5), pages 720-728, March.
    18. Latif Ehsan, 2015. "Income Inequality and Health: Panel Data Evidence from Canada," The B.E. Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy, De Gruyter, vol. 15(2), pages 927-959, April.
    19. Steven Prus, 2007. "Age, SES, and Health: A Population Level Analysis of Health Inequalities over the Life Course," Social and Economic Dimensions of an Aging Population Research Papers 181, McMaster University.
    20. Hajizadeh, Mohammad & Mitnitski, Arnold & Rockwood, Kenneth, 2016. "Socioeconomic gradient in health in Canada: Is the gap widening or narrowing?," Health Policy, Elsevier, vol. 120(9), pages 1040-1050.
    21. Chen, Ping-Yu & Chen, Chi-Chung & Chang, Chia-Lin, 2011. "Multiple Threshold Effects for Temperature and Mortality," MPRA Paper 35521, University Library of Munich, Germany.

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