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Choosing a future for epidemiology: II. From black box to Chinese boxes and eco-epidemiology

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  • Susser, M.
  • Susser, E.

Abstract

Part I of this paper traced the evolution of modern epidemiology in terms of three eras, each with its dominant paradigm, culminating in the present era of chronic disease epidemiology with its paradigm, the black box. This paper sees the close of the present era and foresees a new era of eco- epidemiology in which the deployment of a different paradigm will be crucial. Here a paradigm is advocated for the emergent era. Encompassing many levels of organization-molecular and societal as well as individual-this paradigm, termed Chinese boxes, aims to integrate more than a single level in design, analysis, and interpretation. Such a paradigm could sustain and refine a public health-oriented epidemiology. But preventing a decline of creative epidemiology in this new era will require more than a cogent scientific paradigm. Attention will have to be paid to the social processes that foster a cohesive and humane discipline.

Suggested Citation

  • Susser, M. & Susser, E., 1996. "Choosing a future for epidemiology: II. From black box to Chinese boxes and eco-epidemiology," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 86(5), pages 674-677.
    • Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:1996:86:5:674-677_7
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    Cited by:

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    4. Schmidt, Nicole M. & Lincoln, Alisa K. & Nguyen, Quynh C. & Acevedo-Garcia, Dolores & Osypuk, Theresa L., 2014. "Examining mediators of housing mobility on adolescent asthma: Results from a housing voucher experiment," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 107(C), pages 136-144.
    5. O'Campo, Patricia & Caughy, Margaret OBrien & Aronson, Robert & Xue, Xiaonan, 1997. "A Comparison of two analytic methods for the identification of neighborhoods as intervention and control sites for community-based programs," Evaluation and Program Planning, Elsevier, vol. 20(4), pages 405-414, November.
    6. Evans, Clare R. & Williams, David R. & Onnela, Jukka-Pekka & Subramanian, S.V., 2018. "A multilevel approach to modeling health inequalities at the intersection of multiple social identities," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 203(C), pages 64-73.
    7. Jordi Vallverdú, 2018. "Post Truth, Newspeak and Epidemiological Causality," Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research, Biomedical Research Network+, LLC, vol. 2(1), pages 2267-2268, January.
    8. Roberts, Eric T. & Matthews, Derrick D., 2012. "HIV and chemoprophylaxis, the importance of considering social structures alongside biomedical and behavioral intervention," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 75(9), pages 1555-1561.
    9. Glass, Thomas A. & McAtee, Matthew J., 2006. "Behavioral science at the crossroads in public health: Extending horizons, envisioning the future," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 62(7), pages 1650-1671, April.
    10. Morris, Saul Sutkover & Calogero, Carletto & Hoddinott, John & Christiaensen, Luc J. M., 1999. "Validity of rapid estimates of household wealth and income for health surveys in rural Africa," FCND discussion papers 72, International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI).
    11. Jordi Vallverdú, 2017. "Affording Visual Causal Epistemologies in Epidemiology," Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research, Biomedical Research Network+, LLC, vol. 1(7), pages 1817-1818, December.
    12. Gilioli, G. & Groppi, M. & Vesperoni, M.P. & Baumgärtner, J. & Gutierrez, A.P., 2009. "An epidemiological model of East Coast Fever in African livestock," Ecological Modelling, Elsevier, vol. 220(13), pages 1652-1662.
    13. Almedom, Astier M., 2005. "Social capital and mental health: An interdisciplinary review of primary evidence," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 61(5), pages 943-964, September.
    14. Joe Varghese & V. Raman Kutty, 2012. "Governability Framework for the Evaluation and Implementation of Complex Public Health Functions," Evaluation Review, , vol. 36(4), pages 303-319, August.
    15. Wemrell, Maria & Mulinari, Shai & Merlo, Juan, 2017. "Intersectionality and risk for ischemic heart disease in Sweden: Categorical and anti-categorical approaches," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 177(C), pages 213-222.
    16. Southwell, Brian G. & Slater, Jonathan S. & Rothman, Alexander J. & Friedenberg, Laura M. & Allison, Tiffany R. & Nelson, Christina L., 2010. "The availability of community ties predicts likelihood of peer referral for mammography: Geographic constraints on viral marketing," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 71(9), pages 1627-1635, November.
    17. Rhodes, Tim & Singer, Merrill & Bourgois, Philippe & Friedman, Samuel R. & Strathdee, Steffanie A., 2005. "The social structural production of HIV risk among injecting drug users," Social Science & Medicine, Elsevier, vol. 61(5), pages 1026-1044, September.

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