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Prevalence of inadequate hydration among US children and disparities by gender and race/ethnicity: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2009-2012

Author

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  • Kenney, E.L.
  • Long, M.W.
  • Cradock, A.L.
  • Gortmaker, S.L.

Abstract

Objectives. We evaluated the hydration status of US children and adolescents. Methods. The sample included 4134 participants aged 6 to 19 years in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2009 to 2012. We calculated mean urine osmolality and the proportion with inadequate hydration (urine osmolality > 800 mOsm/kg). We calculated multivariable regression models to estimate the associations between demographic factors, beverage intake, and hydration status. Results. The prevalence of inadequate hydration was 54.5%. Significantly higher urine osmolality was observed among boys (+92.0 mOsm/kg; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 69.5, 114.6), non-Hispanic Blacks (+67.6 mOsm/kg; 95% CI = 31.5, 103.6), and younger children (+28.5 mOsm/kg; 95% CI = 8.1, 48.9) compared with girls, Whites, and older children, respectively. Boys (OR = 1.76; 95% CI = 1.49, 2.07) and non-Hispanic Blacks (odds ratio [OR] = 1.34; 95% CI = 1.04, 1.74) were also at significantly higher risk for inadequate hydration. An 8-fluid-ounce daily increase in water intake was associated with a significantly lower risk of inadequate hydration (OR = 0.96; 95% CI = 0.93, 0.98). Conclusions. Future research should explore drivers of gender and racial/ethnic disparities and solutions for improving hydration status. © 2015, American Public Health Association Inc. All rights reserved.

Suggested Citation

  • Kenney, E.L. & Long, M.W. & Cradock, A.L. & Gortmaker, S.L., 2015. "Prevalence of inadequate hydration among US children and disparities by gender and race/ethnicity: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2009-2012," American Journal of Public Health, American Public Health Association, vol. 105(8), pages 113-118.
    • Handle: RePEc:aph:ajpbhl:10.2105/ajph.2015.302572_9
    DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.2015.302572
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    Cited by:

    1. Agnieszka Kozioł-Kozakowska & Beata Piórecka & Agnieszka Suder & Paweł Jagielski, 2020. "Body Composition and a School Day Hydration State among Polish Children—A Cross-Sectional Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(19), pages 1-12, September.
    2. Katharina C. Wirnitzer & Mohamad Motevalli & Derrick R. Tanous & Gerold Wirnitzer & Karl-Heinz Wagner & Armando Cocca & Manuel Schätzer & Werner Kirschner & Clemens Drenowatz & Gerhard Ruedl, 2022. "Study Protocol of “Sustainably Healthy—From Science 2 Highschool & University”—Prevalence of Mixed, Vegetarian, and Vegan Diets Linked to Sports & Exercise among Austrian Tertiary Students and Lecture," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 19(22), pages 1-24, November.
    3. Floris C. Wardenaar & Daniel Thompsett & Kaila A. Vento & Kathryn Pesek & Dean Bacalzo, 2021. "Athletes’ Self-Assessment of Urine Color Using Two Color Charts to Determine Urine Concentration," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(8), pages 1-11, April.
    4. Damian Wiśniewski & Ewa Śliwicka & Jakub Malik & Krzysztof Durkalec-Michalski, 2021. "Evaluation of Fluid Loss and Customary Fluid Intake among a Selected Group of Young Swimmers: A Preliminary Field Study," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(6), pages 1-12, March.
    5. Katharina C. Wirnitzer & Clemens Drenowatz & Armando Cocca & Derrick R. Tanous & Mohamad Motevalli & Gerold Wirnitzer & Manuel Schätzer & Gerhard Ruedl & Werner Kirschner, 2021. "Health Behaviors of Austrian Secondary Level Pupils at a Glance: First Results of the From Science 2 School Study Focusing on Sports Linked to Mixed, Vegetarian, and Vegan Diets," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 18(23), pages 1-23, December.
    6. Erica L. Kenney & James G. Daly & Rebekka M. Lee & Rebecca S. Mozaffarian & Katherine Walsh & Jill Carter & Steven L. Gortmaker, 2019. "Providing Students with Adequate School Drinking Water Access in an Era of Aging Infrastructure: A Mixed Methods Investigation," IJERPH, MDPI, vol. 17(1), pages 1-15, December.

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