Genomic selection strategies in crop science for sustainable agriculture in Korea

Genomic selection (GS) is an effective approach to address the growing need for increasing and improving food production and quality, respectively, under challenging environmental conditions. In Korea, GS significantly advanced major crops such as rice and wheat by improving critical agronomic traits. However, minor crops such as mung bean and sesame still require development because of limited resources and breeding infrastructure. These crops, though less prioritized, are vital for their nutritional and functional properties and contribute significantly to agricultural diversity and rural livelihoods. Addressing the research gap in minor crops is essential to prevent the loss of genetic diversity and to enhance their resilience to environmental changes. Unlike traditional selection methods, GS enhances the accuracy of complex trait selection, accelerates breeding cycles, and boosts genetic gain. It leverages genome-wide markers to predict genomic estimated breeding values (GEBVs) with high precision, enabling faster and more effective breeding strategies, especially for traits controlled by multiple genes. Genotyping techniques, such as Genotyping by Sequencing and Whole Genome Resequencing, are integral to GS, each offering specific benefits and limitations. Multispecies single nucleotide polymorphism arrays present a cost-effective solution for improving GS in minor crops by capturing the genetic diversity across species and enabling cross-species data integration. Expanding the GS in minor crops is essential for preserving genetic diversity, improving adaptability, and supporting sustainable agriculture and food security in South Korea. By addressing these challenges, GS can transform breeding programs, ensuring a sustainable and resilient agricultural system for the future.