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Ethnische Diversität, soziales Vertrauen und Zivilengagement: Projektbericht

Author

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  • Koopmans, Ruud
  • Dunkel, Anna
  • Schaeffer, Merlin
  • Veit, Susanne

Abstract

Zum Zusammenhang zwischen ethnischer Heterogenität, Sozialkapital (Vertrauen, freiwilliges Engagement, Mitgliedschaft in Organisationen und Vereinen etc.) und der Bereitstellungöffentlicher Güter lassen sich aus bislang vorliegenden Studien keine eindeutigen Befunde ableiten. Dies gilt insbesondere für den europäischen Kontext. Das Projekt Ethnische Vielfalt, soziales Vertrauen und Zivilengagement, gefördert vom Bundesministerium für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend, hatte zum Ziel, dieses Thema durch den Vergleich von drei Ländern, von unterschiedlichen Regionen und Städten in nationalem Kontext sowie durch Untersuchungen auf lokaler Ebene in Schulen besser zu beleuchten. Zur Datengewinnung wurden drei unterschiedliche methodische Ansätze miteinander verbunden: Im Rahmen der Umfragestudie Ethnic Diversity and Collective Action Survey (EDCAS) wurden insgesamt 10 200 Einwohner in 74 ausgewählten Regionen Deutschlands, Frankreichs und der Niederlande befragt. Die Daten ermöglichen den Vergleich von Städten, die sich nach dem Ausmaß ethnischer Diversität sowie in ihren integrationspolitischen Ansätzen voneinander unterscheiden. Um Einblick in die Prozesse zu gewinnen, die hinter den Effekten ethnischer Diversität stehen, wurden Fallstudien zur Elternpartizipation in Berliner und Lyoner Schulen organisiert. Darüber hinaus wurden Online- und Feldexperimente mit Anwohnern durchgeführt, um die kausalen Mechanismen dieser Effekte zu ergründen. Die hier dargelegten Ergebnisse beziehen sich auf ausschließlich auf die deutschen Daten. Bezogen auf die kognitive Dimension von Sozialkapital haben die Projektergebnisse den erwarteten negativen Zusammenhang zwischen objektiver, d.h. statistisch ausgewiesener ethnischer Vielfalt einerseits sowie Kooperationsvermögen und Vertrauen andererseits bestätigt. Ferner stellte sich heraus, dass auch die subjektive Wahrnehmung ethnischer Diversität einen eigenen Einfluss jenseits objektiver Diversitätsmaße ausübt. Mittels besonderer Betonung von Diversität in Experimenten konnte gezeigt werden, dass als hoch wahrgenommene ethnische Vielfalt die kausale Ursache für den Rückgang von Vertrauen ist. Im Hinblick auf die strukturelle Dimension von politischer Beteiligung und Mitgliedschaften in Organisationen sind die Ergebnisse jedoch weniger eindeutig: Zwar konnten wir mit einem Briefwurf-Experiment belegen, dass ethnische Diversität negative Auswirkungen auf tatsächliches pro-soziales Verhalten haben kann. In Bezug auf Engagement in Organisationen oder Beteiligung an Demonstrationen ließen sich jedoch keine signifikanten Effekte objektiver oder wahrgenommener Diversität nachweisen. Entgegen Putnams Deutung, dass Vielfalt zu einem Rückzug ins Private führe, gelangen wir zu der Schlussfolgerung, dass Diversität zwar Vertrauen und pro-soziales Verhalten beeinträchtigt, Menschen aber auch dazu aktivieren kann, der mangelnden Bereitstellung öffentlicher Güter in diversen Gemeinschaften organisiert entgegenzuwirken.

Suggested Citation

  • Koopmans, Ruud & Dunkel, Anna & Schaeffer, Merlin & Veit, Susanne, 2011. "Ethnische Diversität, soziales Vertrauen und Zivilengagement: Projektbericht," Discussion Papers, Research Unit: Migration, Integration, Transnationalization SP IV 2011-703, WZB Berlin Social Science Center.
  • Handle: RePEc:zbw:wzbmit:spiv2011703
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    References listed on IDEAS

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