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Welchen Beitrag können die Wirtschaftswissenschaften zum Erhalt der Biodiversität leisten?

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  • Klauer, Bernd

Abstract

In der politischen Diskussion werden für den Erhalt der biologischen Vielfalt in der Regel ökonomische Argumente vorgebracht: Biodiversität sollte als ökonomisches Gut betrachtet werden. Dem Rückgang der Vielfalt sei entgegenzutreten, indem man die Auswirkungen menschlicher Aktivitäten auf die Biodiversität mit dem ökonomisch angemessenen Preis bewertet und bei Entscheidungen entsprechend berücksichtigt. In diesem Beitrag wird gezeigt, dass diese Argumentation zu kurz greift. Ökonomische Bewertungen fußen letztlich auf dem Marginalprinzip. Die Bedeutung der Biodiversität (und der natürlichen Umwelt) wird dabei systematisch unterschätzt. Alfred Marshall erkannte als erster, dass der Preis eines Gutes seine Knappheit und nicht seine Bedeutung misst. Erst bei hoher Knappheit der Biodiversität, spiegelt der Preis auch seine Bedeutung wider. Aufgrund der Irreversibilität des Biodiversitätsverlustes sollte man aber nicht so lange warten. Meine These lautet, dass die Ökonomik durch die Ermittlung des (marginalen) Preises der Biodiversität, des ökonomischen Gesamtwertes der Biodiversität oder des Gesamtwertes aller Ökosystemdienstleistungen nur einen geringen Beitrag zur Lösung des Problems Erhalt der Biodiversität leisten kann. Die Entscheidung für den Erhalt muss eine politische Rahmenvorgabe sein. Sie muss vor allem ökologisch-naturwissenschaftlich und ethisch begründet werden. Wurde aber eine solche Grundsatzentscheidung (z.B. über safe minimum standards) bereits getroffen, können die Wirtschaftswissenschaften (in interdisziplinärer Zusammenarbeit) einen wesentlichen Beitrag zu der Frage leisten, wie ein solches Ziel am besten erreicht werden kann. Vor allem können geeignete ökonomische Anreizstrukturen geschaffen werden, um die gesetzten Erhaltungsziele zu realisieren.

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  • Klauer, Bernd, 2001. "Welchen Beitrag können die Wirtschaftswissenschaften zum Erhalt der Biodiversität leisten?," UFZ Discussion Papers 2/2001, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research (UFZ), Division of Social Sciences (ÖKUS).
    • Handle: RePEc:zbw:ufzdps:22001
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