IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/p/zbw/arqudp/178.html
   My bibliography  Save this paper

Tax compliance costs: A review of cost burdens and cost structures

Author

Listed:
  • Eichfelder, Sebastian
  • Vaillancourt, François

Abstract

Our paper provides a comprehensive report of empirical research on tax compliance costs. Compared to previous reviews, our focus is on average costs for sub-groups (individual taxpayers, small businesses, large businesses) and the composition of the cost burden with regards to different cost components (in-house time effort, external adviser costs, other monetary expenses), different taxes (e.g. income tax, value added tax) and different activities like tax accounting and tax planning. In addition, we give a short review of the most important compliance cost drivers and discuss the underlying causes of tax complexity and compliance costs.

Suggested Citation

  • Eichfelder, Sebastian & Vaillancourt, François, 2014. "Tax compliance costs: A review of cost burdens and cost structures," arqus Discussion Papers in Quantitative Tax Research 178, arqus - Arbeitskreis Quantitative Steuerlehre.
    • Handle: RePEc:zbw:arqudp:178
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: https://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/104539/1/804987130.pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    Other versions of this item:

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Simeon Djankov & Rafael La Porta & Florencio Lopez-de-Silanes & Andrei Shleifer, 2002. "The Regulation of Entry," The Quarterly Journal of Economics, President and Fellows of Harvard College, vol. 117(1), pages 1-37.
    2. Maja Klun & Helena Blazi´c, 2005. "Tax Compliance Costs for Companies in Slovenia and Croatia," FinanzArchiv: Public Finance Analysis, Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen, vol. 61(3), pages 418-437, November.
    3. Eichfelder, Sebastian, 2013. "Compliance cost estimates: Survey non-response and temporal framing effects," arqus Discussion Papers in Quantitative Tax Research 146, arqus - Arbeitskreis Quantitative Steuerlehre.
    4. Alm, James & Cherry, Todd & Jones, Michael & McKee, Michael, 2010. "Taxpayer information assistance services and tax compliance behavior," Journal of Economic Psychology, Elsevier, vol. 31(4), pages 577-586, August.
    5. Laurence Mathieu & Catherine Waddams Price & Francis Antwi, 2010. "The distribution of UK personal income tax compliance costs," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 42(3), pages 351-368.
    6. Guyton, John L. & O'Hare, John F. & Stavrianos, Michael P. & Toder, Eric J., 2003. "Estimating the Compliance Cost of the U.S. Individual Income Tax," National Tax Journal, National Tax Association;National Tax Journal, vol. 56(3), pages 673-688, September.
    7. de Bartolome, Charles A. M., 1995. "Which tax rate do people use: Average or marginal?," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 56(1), pages 79-96, January.
    8. Cuccia, Andrew D. & Carnes, Gregory A., 2001. "A closer look at the relation between tax complexity and tax equity perceptions," Journal of Economic Psychology, Elsevier, vol. 22(2), pages 113-140, April.
    9. Joel Slemrod, 1989. "The Return To Tax Simplification: an Econometric Analysis," Public Finance Review, , vol. 17(1), pages 3-27, January.
    10. Blumenthal, Marsha & Kalambokidis, Laura, 2006. "The Compliance Costs of Maintaining Tax Exempt Status," National Tax Journal, National Tax Association;National Tax Journal, vol. 59(2), pages 235-252, June.
    11. Blumenthal, Marsha & Slemrod, Joel, 1992. "The Compliance Cost of the U.S. Individual Income Tax System: A Second Look After Tax Reform," National Tax Journal, National Tax Association;National Tax Journal, vol. 45(2), pages 185-202, June.
    12. Blumenthal, Marsha & Slemrod, Joel, 1992. "The Compliance Cost of the U.S. Individual Income Tax System: A Second Look After Tax Reform," National Tax Journal, National Tax Association, vol. 45(2), pages 185-202, June.
    13. Mohamed Ariff, 1997. "Compliance Costs of Corporate Income Taxation in Singapore," Journal of Business Finance & Accounting, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 24(9&10), pages 1253-1268.
    14. Marsha Blumenthal & Joel Slemrod, 1995. "The compliance cost of taxing foreign-source income: Its magnitude, determinants, and policy implications," International Tax and Public Finance, Springer;International Institute of Public Finance, vol. 2(1), pages 37-53, February.
    15. repec:fpb:wpaper:100 is not listed on IDEAS
    16. Ackermann, Hagen & Fochmann, Martin & Mihm, Benedikt, 2013. "Biased effects of taxes and subsidies on portfolio choices," Economics Letters, Elsevier, vol. 120(1), pages 23-26.
    17. Maja Klun, 2004. "Compliance Costs for Personal Income Tax in a Transition Country: The Case of Slovenia," Fiscal Studies, Institute for Fiscal Studies, vol. 25(1), pages 93-104, March.
    18. Alm, James & Jackson, Betty & McKee, Michael, 1992. "Institutional Uncertainty and Taxpayer Compliance," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 82(4), pages 1018-1026, September.
    19. Hettich,Walter & Winer,Stanley L., 2005. "Democratic Choice and Taxation," Cambridge Books, Cambridge University Press, number 9780521021807, October.
    20. Joel Slemrod, 2001. "A General Model of the Behavioral Response to Taxation," International Tax and Public Finance, Springer;International Institute of Public Finance, vol. 8(2), pages 119-128, March.
    21. World Bank & International Finance Corporation & PricewaterhouseCoopers, "undated". "Paying Taxes 2013 : The Global Picture," World Bank Publications - Reports 16250, The World Bank Group.
    22. Yilmaz, Fatih & Coolidge, Jacqueline, 2013. "Can e-filing reduce tax compliance costs in developing countries ?," Policy Research Working Paper Series 6647, The World Bank.
    23. Richardson, Grant & Lanis, Roman, 2007. "Determinants of the variability in corporate effective tax rates and tax reform: Evidence from Australia," Journal of Accounting and Public Policy, Elsevier, vol. 26(6), pages 689-704.
    24. Rosemary Marcuss & George Contos & John Guyton & Patrick Langetieg & Allen Lerman & Susan Nelson & Brenda Schafer & Melissa Vigil, 2013. "Income Taxes and Compliance Costs: How Are They Related?," National Tax Journal, National Tax Association;National Tax Journal, vol. 66(4), pages 833-854, December.
    25. Hanlon, Michelle & Heitzman, Shane, 2010. "A review of tax research," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 50(2-3), pages 127-178, December.
    26. Gupta, Sanjay & Mills, Lillian F., 2003. "Does Disconformity in State Corporate Income Tax Systems Affect Compliance Cost Burdens?," National Tax Journal, National Tax Association;National Tax Journal, vol. 56(2), pages 355-371, June.
    27. Sandford, Cedric & Morrissey, Oliver, 1985. "The Irish Wealth Tax: A Case Study in Economics and Politics," Research Series, Economic and Social Research Institute (ESRI), number GRS123.
    28. Tran-Nam, Binh & Evans, Chris & Walpole, Michael & Ritchie, Katherine, 2000. "Tax Compliance Costs: Research Methodology and Empirical Evidence from Australia," National Tax Journal, National Tax Association, vol. 53(n. 2), pages 229-52, June.
    29. Eichfelder, Sebastian & Kegels, Chantal, 2014. "Compliance costs caused by agency action? Empirical evidence and implications for tax compliance," Journal of Economic Psychology, Elsevier, vol. 40(C), pages 200-219.
    30. Sebastian Eichfelder & Chantal Kegels, 2010. "Working Paper 09-10 - Shifting of red tape? The impact of authority behavior on tax compliance costs," Working Papers 1009, Federal Planning Bureau, Belgium.
    31. Christian, Charles W. & Gupta, Sanjay & Lin, Suming, 1993. "Determinants of Tax Preparer Usage: Evidence from Panel Data," National Tax Journal, National Tax Association, vol. 46(4), pages 487-503, December.
    32. Vaillancourt, François, 1999. "Les coûts de conformité à la fiscalité des firmes et des individus : une recension des écrits," L'Actualité Economique, Société Canadienne de Science Economique, vol. 75(1), pages 215-237, mars-juin.
    33. Isabel Grilo & Jesus-Maria Irigoyen, 2006. "Entrepreneurship in the EU: To Wish and not to be," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 26(4), pages 305-318, May.
    34. repec:fpb:wpaper:94 is not listed on IDEAS
    35. Tim Keyworth, 2006. "Measuring and Managing the Costs of Red Tape: A Review of Recent Policy Developments," Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Oxford University Press and Oxford Review of Economic Policy Limited, vol. 22(2), pages 260-273, Summer.
    36. Zimmerman, Jerold L., 1983. "Taxes and firm size," Journal of Accounting and Economics, Elsevier, vol. 5(1), pages 119-149, April.
    37. repec:fpb:wpaper:108 is not listed on IDEAS
    38. Zinn, Benedikt & Spengel, Christoph, 2012. "Book-tax conformity: Empirical evidence from Germany," ZEW Discussion Papers 12-051, ZEW - Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research.
    39. Christian, Charles W. & Gupta, Sanjay & Lin, Suming, 1993. "Determinants of Tax Preparer Usage: Evidence From Panel Data," National Tax Journal, National Tax Association;National Tax Journal, vol. 46(4), pages 487-503, December.
    40. Coolidge, Jacqueline & Ilic, Domagoj & Kisunko, Gregory, 2009. "Small businesses in south Africa : who outsources tax compliance work and why ?," Policy Research Working Paper Series 4873, The World Bank.
    41. Guyton, John L. & Korobow, Adam K. & Lee, Peter S. & Toder, Eric J., 2005. "The Effects of Tax Software and Paid Preparers on Compliance Costs," National Tax Journal, National Tax Association;National Tax Journal, vol. 58(3), pages 439-448, September.
    42. Vaillancourt, Francois, 1987. "The Compliance Costs of Taxes on Businesses and Individuals: A Review of the Evidence," Public Finance = Finances publiques, , vol. 42(3), pages 395-414.
    43. Kaplow, Louis, 1996. "How Tax Complexity and Enforcement Affect the Equity and Efficiency of the Income Tax," National Tax Journal, National Tax Association;National Tax Journal, vol. 49(1), pages 135-150, March.
    44. Joel B. Slemrod & Marsha Blumenthal, 1996. "The Income Tax Compliance Cost of Big Business," Public Finance Review, , vol. 24(4), pages 411-438, October.
    45. Tran-Nam, Binh & Evans, Chris & Walpole, Michael & Ritchie, Katherine, 2000. "Tax Compliance Costs: Research Methodology and Empirical Evidence From Australia," National Tax Journal, National Tax Association;National Tax Journal, vol. 53(2), pages 229-252, June.
    46. Kaplow, Louis, 1996. "How Tax Complexity and Enforcement Affect the Equity and Efficiency of the Income Tax," National Tax Journal, National Tax Association, vol. 49(1), pages 135-50, March.
    47. repec:fpb:wpaper:92 is not listed on IDEAS
    48. Sandmo, Agnar, 2005. "The Theory of Tax Evasion: A Retrospective View," National Tax Journal, National Tax Association;National Tax Journal, vol. 58(4), pages 643-663, December.
    49. J. Pope & R. Fayle, 1990. "The Compliance Costs Personal Income Taxation in Australia 1968/87: Empirical results," Economics Discussion / Working Papers 90-06, The University of Western Australia, Department of Economics.
    50. Sebastian Eichfelder & Michael Schorn, 2012. "Tax Compliance Costs: A Business-Administration Perspective," FinanzArchiv: Public Finance Analysis, Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen, vol. 68(2), pages 191-230, June.
    51. Kay Blaufus & Sebastian Eichfelder & Jochen Hundsdoerfer, 2014. "Income Tax Compliance Costs of Working Individuals," Public Finance Review, , vol. 42(6), pages 800-829, November.
    52. Buettner, Thiess & Overesch, Michael & Schreiber, Ulrich & Wamser, Georg, 2012. "The impact of thin-capitalization rules on the capital structure of multinational firms," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 96(11), pages 930-938.
    53. David Collard & Michael Godwin, 1999. "Compliance costs for employers: UK PAYE and National Insurance," Fiscal Studies, Institute for Fiscal Studies, vol. 20(4), pages 423-449, December.
    54. Alm, James, 1996. "What Is an "Optimal'"Tax System?," National Tax Journal, National Tax Association, vol. 49(1), pages 117-33, March.
    55. repec:fpb:wpaper:110 is not listed on IDEAS
    56. Dieter Helm, 2006. "Regulatory Reform, Capture, and the Regulatory Burden," Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Oxford University Press and Oxford Review of Economic Policy Limited, vol. 22(2), pages 169-185, Summer.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Citations

    Citations are extracted by the CitEc Project, subscribe to its RSS feed for this item.
    as


    Cited by:

    1. Eichfelder, Sebastian & Jacob, Martin & Schneider, Kerstin, 2020. "Do tax incentives reduce investment quality?," arqus Discussion Papers in Quantitative Tax Research 248, arqus - Arbeitskreis Quantitative Steuerlehre.
    2. Eichfelder, Sebastian & Jacob, Martin & Schneider, Kerstin, 2023. "Do tax incentives affect investment quality?," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 80(C).
    3. Kay Blaufus & Frank Hechtner & Janine K. Jarzembski, 2019. "The Income Tax Compliance Costs of Private Households: Empirical Evidence from Germany," Public Finance Review, , vol. 47(5), pages 925-966, September.
    4. Era Dabla-Norris & Florian Misch & Duncan Cleary & Munawer Khwaja, 2020. "The quality of tax administration and firm performance: evidence from developing countries," International Tax and Public Finance, Springer;International Institute of Public Finance, vol. 27(3), pages 514-551, June.
    5. Nguyen, Hang T. T., 2024. "Corporate taxation and total factor productivity: Evidence on a non-linear relationship," arqus Discussion Papers in Quantitative Tax Research 284, arqus - Arbeitskreis Quantitative Steuerlehre.
    6. Eichfelder, Sebastian & Hechtner, Frank, 2016. "Tax compliance costs: Cost burden and cost reliability," arqus Discussion Papers in Quantitative Tax Research 212, arqus - Arbeitskreis Quantitative Steuerlehre.
    7. Dobbins, Laura & Eichfelder, Sebastian & Hechtner, Frank & Hundsdoerfer, Jochen, 2018. "Intertemporal income shifting around a large tax cut: The case of depreciations," arqus Discussion Papers in Quantitative Tax Research 229, arqus - Arbeitskreis Quantitative Steuerlehre.
    8. Dreher, Sandra & Eichfelder, Sebastian & Noth, Felix, 2022. "Does IFRS information on tax loss carryforwards and negative performance improve predictions of earnings and cash flows?," arqus Discussion Papers in Quantitative Tax Research 276, arqus - Arbeitskreis Quantitative Steuerlehre.
    9. Barrios, Salvador & d'Andria, Diego & Gesualdo, Maria, 2020. "Reducing tax compliance costs through corporate tax base harmonization in the European Union," Journal of International Accounting, Auditing and Taxation, Elsevier, vol. 41(C).
    10. James Atta Peprah & Francis Kwaw Andoh & Eric Atsu Avorkpo & Kwabena Nkansah Dafor & Benedict Afful Jr & Camara Kwasi Obeng, 2022. "Compliance Burden and Tax Gap Among Micro and Small Businesses: Evidence From Ghana," SAGE Open, , vol. 12(4), pages 21582440221, October.
    11. Asatryan, Zareh & Peichl, Andreas, 2016. "Responses of firms to tax, administrative and accounting rules: Evidence from Armenia," ZEW Discussion Papers 16-065, ZEW - Leibniz Centre for European Economic Research.
    12. Pham Thai Binh & Trang Thi Thuy Nguyen, 2024. "Do institutions advocate tax simplification? Insights from a panel of 88 countries," Economic Change and Restructuring, Springer, vol. 57(3), pages 1-39, June.
    13. Kay Blaufus & Franziska Hoffmann, 2020. "The effect of simplified cash accounting on tax and financial accounting compliance costs," Journal of Business Economics, Springer, vol. 90(2), pages 173-205, March.
    14. Schenkel, Andreas, 2015. "Bankenregulierung und Bürokratiekosten: Ein Problemaufriss," Arbeitspapiere 152, University of Münster, Institute for Cooperatives.
    15. Hoppe, Thomas & Schanz, Deborah & Sturm, Susann & Sureth, Caren, 2019. "Measuring tax complexity across countries: A survey study on MNCs," arqus Discussion Papers in Quantitative Tax Research 245, arqus - Arbeitskreis Quantitative Steuerlehre.
    16. Eichfelder, Sebastian & Schneider, Kerstin, 2018. "How do tax incentives affect business investment? Evidence from German bonus depreciation," arqus Discussion Papers in Quantitative Tax Research 231, arqus - Arbeitskreis Quantitative Steuerlehre.
    17. Laura Dobbins & Sebastian Eichfelder & Frank Hechtner & Jochen Hundsdoerfer, 2018. "Intertemporal Income Shifting Around a Large Tax Cut: the Case of Depreciations," Schmalenbach Business Review, Springer;Schmalenbach-Gesellschaft, vol. 70(4), pages 313-340, November.
    18. Eichfelder, Sebastian & Knaisch, Jonas & Schneider, Kerstin, 2023. "How does bonus depreciation affect real investment? Effect size, asset structure, and tax planning," arqus Discussion Papers in Quantitative Tax Research 278, arqus - Arbeitskreis Quantitative Steuerlehre.
    19. Eichfelder, Sebastian & Neugebauer, Claudia, 2014. "Das steueroptimale Kraftfahrzeug bei Gewinneinkünften: Mythos und Realität," arqus Discussion Papers in Quantitative Tax Research 180, arqus - Arbeitskreis Quantitative Steuerlehre.
    20. Neba Bhalla & Rakesh Kumar Sharma & Inderjit Kaur, 2023. "Effect of Goods and Service Tax System on Business Performance of Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises," SAGE Open, , vol. 13(2), pages 21582440231, June.

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Eichfelder, Sebastian & Hechtner, Frank, 2016. "Tax compliance costs: Cost burden and cost reliability," arqus Discussion Papers in Quantitative Tax Research 212, arqus - Arbeitskreis Quantitative Steuerlehre.
    2. Eichfelder, Sebastian & Schorn, Michael, 2009. "Tax compliance costs: a business administration perspective," Discussion Papers 2009/3, Free University Berlin, School of Business & Economics.
    3. James, Simon & Edwards, Alison, 2010. "An annotated bibliography of tax compliance and tax compliance costs," MPRA Paper 26106, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    4. Idawati Ibrahim Author_Email: idawati@uum.edu.my & Jeff Pope, 2011. "Compliance Costs Of Electronic Tax Filing For Personal Taxpayers In Malaysia," International Conference on Management (ICM 2011) Proceeding 2011-067-242, Conference Master Resources.
    5. Bilitis Schoonjans & Philippe Van Cauwenberge & Catherine Reekmans & Gudrun Simoens, 2011. "A Survey of Tax Compliance Costs of Flemish SMEs: Magnitude and Determinants," Environment and Planning C, , vol. 29(4), pages 605-621, August.
    6. Žiga Kotnik & Maja Klun & Renata Slabe-Erker, 2020. "Identification of the Factors That Affect the Environmental Administrative Burden for Businesses," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 12(16), pages 1-15, August.
    7. Eichfelder, Sebastian & Kegels, Chantal, 2014. "Compliance costs caused by agency action? Empirical evidence and implications for tax compliance," Journal of Economic Psychology, Elsevier, vol. 40(C), pages 200-219.
    8. Felix Bransch & Paul Gurr, 2019. "Die Nachfrage nach Steuerberatungsleistungen: Evidenz für deutsche Steuerpflichtige [The Demand for Tax Preparation Services: Evidence from German Taxpayers]," Schmalenbach Journal of Business Research, Springer, vol. 71(3), pages 245-270, November.
    9. Jaspal Singh & Poonam Sharma, 2010. "Compliance Cost Burden of Individual Income-Tax Assessees in India: An Empirical Study," Management and Labour Studies, XLRI Jamshedpur, School of Business Management & Human Resources, vol. 35(1), pages 7-24, February.
    10. Juraj Nemec & Ladislav Pompura & Vladimír Šagát, 2015. "Administrative Costs of Taxation in Slovakia," European Financial and Accounting Journal, Prague University of Economics and Business, vol. 2015(2), pages 51-61.
    11. Sebastian Eichfelder & Chantal Kegels, 2012. "Compliance costs caused by agency action? Empirical evidence and implications for tax compliance," Schumpeter Discussion Papers sdp12005, Universitätsbibliothek Wuppertal, University Library.
    12. Kay Blaufus & Sebastian Eichfelder & Jochen Hundsdoerfer, 2014. "Income Tax Compliance Costs of Working Individuals," Public Finance Review, , vol. 42(6), pages 800-829, November.
    13. repec:npf:wpaper:08 is not listed on IDEAS
    14. S. Vishnuhadevi, 2021. "Administrative and Compliance Costs of Value Added Tax (VAT): A Review," Review of Development and Change, , vol. 26(2), pages 179-206, December.
    15. Pickhardt, Michael & Prinz, Aloys, 2014. "Behavioral dynamics of tax evasion – A survey," Journal of Economic Psychology, Elsevier, vol. 40(C), pages 1-19.
    16. Sebastian Eichfelder, 2011. "Steuerkomplexität als Markteintrittsbarriere?: Entscheidungswirkungen steuerlicher Planungs-und Vollzugskosten," Schmalenbach Journal of Business Research, Springer, vol. 63(8), pages 810-831, December.
    17. repec:ind:nipfwp:08 is not listed on IDEAS
    18. Vaillancourt, François, 1999. "Les coûts de conformité à la fiscalité des firmes et des individus : une recension des écrits," L'Actualité Economique, Société Canadienne de Science Economique, vol. 75(1), pages 215-237, mars-juin.
    19. Jan Pavel & Leoš Vítek, 2015. "Vyvolané náklady daňového systému v ČR [Compliance Costs of the Czech Tax System]," Politická ekonomie, Prague University of Economics and Business, vol. 2015(3), pages 317-330.
    20. Das-Gupta, Arindam, 2004. "The Income tax compliance cost of corporations in India, 2000-01," Working Papers 04/8, National Institute of Public Finance and Policy.
    21. Susan M. Dynarski & Judith E. Scott-Clayton, 2008. "Complexity and Targeting in Federal Student Aid: A Quantitative Analysis," NBER Chapters, in: Tax Policy and the Economy, Volume 22, pages 109-150, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    22. Cuccia, Andrew D. & Carnes, Gregory A., 2001. "A closer look at the relation between tax complexity and tax equity perceptions," Journal of Economic Psychology, Elsevier, vol. 22(2), pages 113-140, April.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    tax compliance costs; cost structures; cost burdens; cost drivers;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • H21 - Public Economics - - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue - - - Efficiency; Optimal Taxation
    • H24 - Public Economics - - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue - - - Personal Income and Other Nonbusiness Taxes and Subsidies
    • H25 - Public Economics - - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue - - - Business Taxes and Subsidies

    NEP fields

    This paper has been announced in the following NEP Reports:

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:zbw:arqudp:178. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics (email available below). General contact details of provider: http://www.arqus.info/ .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.