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Managing capital flows in Estonia and Latvia

Author

Listed:
  • Pekka Sutela

    (Bank of Finland)

Abstract

The three Baltic countries have been able to combine, Estonia since 1992 and Latvia and Lithuania since 1994, (1) a fixed exchange rate, (2) liberalisation of the capital account before having a well-functioning and fully supervised financial system, and (3) very large current account deficits. At the same time they have gone through deep structural and institutional change, which has been even faster than in several other transition economies. How have they been able to manage such a combination of characteristics that would usually be regarded inconsistent? The answer is not in clever management or control of financial markets combined with sound fundamen-tals. Rather, the Baltic countries have lacked several such markets that might be sources of instability. There are hardly any inter-bank markets. Public debt is absent or relatively very small. After the boomlet of 1997, the Baltic stock exchanges have generally hibernated. Banking crises have been recurrent. Not only are these economies extremely small, their degree of monetisation is very low. There are very few assets and markets for speculative capital flows. Partially, this reflects sound fundamentals, but mostly it is an unintended consequence of policy de-cisions. One cannot expect the experience to be easily repeated in other countries.

Suggested Citation

  • Pekka Sutela, 2002. "Managing capital flows in Estonia and Latvia," Macroeconomics 0209008, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  • Handle: RePEc:wpa:wuwpma:0209008
    Note: Type of Document - pdf; prepared on PC; pages: 68
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    File URL: https://econwpa.ub.uni-muenchen.de/econ-wp/mac/papers/0209/0209008.pdf
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Mr. Peter J Montiel & Bijan B. Aghevli & Mr. Mohsin S. Khan, 1991. "Exchange Rate Policy in Developing Countries: Some Analytical Issues," IMF Occasional Papers 1991/009, International Monetary Fund.
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    Cited by:

    1. Ms. Zsofia Arvai, 2005. "Capital Account Liberalization, Capital Flow Patterns, and Policy Responses in the EU's New Member States," IMF Working Papers 2005/213, International Monetary Fund.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    The Baltic countries; capital flows and controls; financial crises; currency boards;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • E - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics

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