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Regularities Unseen, Randomness Observed: Levels of Entropy Convergence

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  • James P. Crutchfield
  • David P. Feldman

Abstract

We study how the Shannon entropy of sequences produced by an information source converges to the source's entropy rate. We synthesize several phenomenological approaches to applying information theoretic measures of randomness and memory to stochastic and deterministic processes by using a hierarchy of derivatives of Shannon entropy convergence. This leads, in turn, to natural measures of (i) apparent memory stored in a source and (ii) the amounts of information that must be extracted from observations of a source in order (a) for it to be optimally predicted and (b) for an observer to synchronize to it. One consequence of ignoring these structural properties is that the missed regularities are converted to apparent randomness. We demonstrate that this problem arises particularly for small data sets; e.g., in settings where one has access to a relatively few, short measurement sequences.

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  • James P. Crutchfield & David P. Feldman, 2001. "Regularities Unseen, Randomness Observed: Levels of Entropy Convergence," Working Papers 01-02-012, Santa Fe Institute.
    • Handle: RePEc:wop:safiwp:01-02-012
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    Cited by:

    1. Bernardo Alves Furtado & Patrícia Alessandra Morita Sakowski & Marina Haddad Tóvolli, 2015. "A Complexity Approach for Public Policies," Discussion Papers 0205, Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada - IPEA.

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