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Regional labor markets during deregulation in Indonesia : have the Outer Islands been left behind?

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  • MANNING, CHRIS J.

Abstract

Indonesia's labor markets, especially on the island of Java, have been transformed in the past 30 years, especially since liberalization picked up speed in the mid-1980's. The author explores the regional dimensions of that transformation. In some other countries, when labor markets changed, disparities among regions occurred. In Indonesia, when the employment structure changed markedly, real wages rose not only in Java-Bali, but also in most Outer Island provinces. Wages have grown more rapidly in Java-Bali, but labor in the Outer Island provinces has enjoyed large gains, the result of the rapid economic growth that came during deregulation. Among Outer Island provinces, Northern Sumatra and the poorer Eastern Island provinces have experienced substantial growth, while the Kalimantan provinces have lagged in manufacturing employment and wages. Labor market outcomes have also been less favorable in land-abundant provinces that received many assisted migrants during Indonesia's earlier oil boom. The author concludes that export-led industrialization concentrated in Java-Bali has helped change the labor market and income growth outside Java-Bali also. Improved wages and the shift of labor out of agriculture also partly reflect the government's continuing support for infrastructure and human resource development in the Outer Island provinces.

Suggested Citation

  • Manning, Chris J., 1997. "Regional labor markets during deregulation in Indonesia : have the Outer Islands been left behind?," Policy Research Working Paper Series 1728, The World Bank.
    • Handle: RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:1728
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. Hal Hill, 1997. "Regional development in Southeast Asia: The challenges of subnational diversity," Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 2(3), pages 261-302.
    2. Jian, Tianlun & Sachs, Jeffrey D. & Warner, Andrew M., 1996. "Trends in regional inequality in China," China Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 7(1), pages 1-21.
    3. Hill, Hal, 1983. "Choice of Technique in the Indonesian Weaving Industry," Economic Development and Cultural Change, University of Chicago Press, vol. 31(2), pages 337-353, January.
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    Cited by:

    1. Cox Edwards, Alejandra, 1996. "Labor regulations and industrial relations in Indonesia," Policy Research Working Paper Series 1640, The World Bank.

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