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How Large Are the Economic Dividends from Closing Gender Employment Gaps in the Middle East and North Africa ?

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  • Fiuratti,Federico Ivan
  • Pennings,Steven Michael
  • Torres Coronado,Jesica

Abstract

This paper quantifies the gains in gross domestic product per capita from closing gender employment gaps in the Middle East and North Africa, using three neoclassical growth models. The paper starts with baseline impacts from the Gender Employment Gap Index, which suggests that in the long run, gross domestic product per capita would be around 50 percent higher in the typical economy in the region if gender employment gaps were closed (mean 54 percent, median 49 percent). However, the gains are heterogeneous, ranging from less than 10 percent in Qatar to more than 80 percent in the Republic of Yemen. The paper then explores short-term gains, when capital is fixed (or adjusts slowly), and gains in the medium-term, with sluggish implementation of reforms using the Long Term Growth Model, which roughly halves the gains (and lowers the gains by more than half in resource-rich countries). Finally, the paper incorporates the effects of changes in the skill distribution in a model incorporating capital-skill complementarities in production. Because gender employment gaps in the Middle East and North Africa tend to be larger among the unskilled, closing these gaps reduces average skill levels, moderating long-term gains by 5-10 percentage points. However, if women in the Middle East and North Africa continue the current trend toward greater educational attainment, the gains will be greater than in the baseline. All three models—the Gender Employment Gap Index, the Long Term Growth Model, and capital-skill complementarities—point to large increases in gross domestic product per capita from closing gender employment gaps.

Suggested Citation

  • Fiuratti,Federico Ivan & Pennings,Steven Michael & Torres Coronado,Jesica, 2024. "How Large Are the Economic Dividends from Closing Gender Employment Gaps in the Middle East and North Africa ?," Policy Research Working Paper Series 10706, The World Bank.
  • Handle: RePEc:wbk:wbrwps:10706
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    1. David Cuberes & Marc Teignier, 2016. "Aggregate Effects of Gender Gaps in the Labor Market: A Quantitative Estimate," Journal of Human Capital, University of Chicago Press, vol. 10(1), pages 1-32.
    2. Barro, Robert J. & Lee, Jong Wha, 2013. "A new data set of educational attainment in the world, 1950–2010," Journal of Development Economics, Elsevier, vol. 104(C), pages 184-198.
    3. Pennings,Steven Michael, 2022. "A Gender Employment Gap Index (GEGI) : A Simple Measure of the Economic Gains from Closing GenderEmployment Gaps, with an Application to the Pacific Islands," Policy Research Working Paper Series 9942, The World Bank.
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