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La política industrial del Siglo XXI

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  • Miguel Sebastián

    (Profesor Titular de Análisis Económico de la Universidad Complutense.)

Abstract

Cuando Gary Becker pronunció esta frase en 1985 (de hecho, escribió un artículo en Business Week con este título) probablemente se refería a una política industrial bien diferente de la que consideramos en la actualidad y que defenderemos en este capítulo. En los años ochenta del siglo xx, lo que se entendía por “política industrial” era en realidad un conjunto de prácticas proteccionistas e intervencionistas que, sobre todo en Estados Unidos, trataban de frenar el declive de un sector industrial que no había sido capaz de modernizarse y que se veía sujeto a una fuerte competencia, tanto de los “países asiáticos” (por aquel entonces, Japón y Corea del Sur) como de algunos países europeos (Alemania, fundamentalmente). Vehículos más eficientes y adaptados a las necesidades energéticas tras dos sucesivos choques del petróleo, aparatos de televisión más ligeros, baratos y de más alta definición, calculadoras más potentes y de menor tamaño, electrodomésticos más pequeños y asequibles, etc. La llamada “política industrial” en Estados Unidos y en otros muchos países no era otra cosa que acudir a las viejas recetas proteccionistas, como la sustitución de importaciones, las barreras arancelarias, las barreras no arancelarias (homologaciones, certificados de calidad, etc.) o los subsidios a la exportación para tratar de evitar o retrasar lo inevitable. Y también a políticas intervencionistas, como la apuesta por los “campeones nacionales”, la selección de empresas exitosas desde la Administración (picking winners) o incluso la aparición de la banca de desarrollo y los coeficientes de inversión obligatorios para financiar proyectos industriales deficitarios, aunque esta práctica fue más propia de algunos países europeos y latinoamericanos que de Estados Unidos. Lo cierto es que todos estos enfoques, que habían aparecido ya en los años sesenta y setenta, se tradujeron en: — Un menor crecimiento a largo plazo, como resultado de una menor productividad — Un mayor déficit público — Una mayor ineficiencia económica — Una pérdida de bienestar social

Suggested Citation

  • Miguel Sebastián, 2019. "La política industrial del Siglo XXI," Documentos de Trabajo del ICAE 2019-34, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales, Instituto Complutense de Análisis Económico.
  • Handle: RePEc:ucm:doicae:1934
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Dani Rodrik, 2016. "Premature deindustrialization," Journal of Economic Growth, Springer, vol. 21(1), pages 1-33, March.
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