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What if Expected Outcomes are not The Most Likely Outcomes? Four Basic Case Studies[1] Which Give Pause for Thought

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  • Gordon Anderson

Abstract

When outcome distributions are unimodal - symmetric, what is Expected is what is Most Likely, but when they are not it is not. Indeed, in non-unimodal symmetric situations Expected and Most Likely outcomes can be very different with expected outcomes being the less likely prospects, which begs the question: why not use Most Likely or Modal values in uncertain situations? The issue is generic and pertinent in many diverse contexts. Here, to emphasize that diversity, it is explored in the context of four quite disparate examples: Canadian Life Expectancy, UK Health Outcomes, Spanish Parental Circumstances and Portfolio Choice in US Stock Markets. The broad conclusion common to each of these non-symmetric unimodal situations is that employing Most Likely values makes a substantial difference to the analysis which should give investigators pause for thought.

Suggested Citation

  • Gordon Anderson, 2024. "What if Expected Outcomes are not The Most Likely Outcomes? Four Basic Case Studies[1] Which Give Pause for Thought," Working Papers tecipa-785, University of Toronto, Department of Economics.
    • Handle: RePEc:tor:tecipa:tecipa-785
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    expected outcomes; modal outcomes; distributional asymmetry; life expectancy; health; human capital; portfolio analysis;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • C1 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Econometric and Statistical Methods and Methodology: General
    • D0 - Microeconomics - - General
    • E0 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - General
    • G0 - Financial Economics - - General
    • I0 - Health, Education, and Welfare - - General

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