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Gender Gaps in Ownership of Nonagricultural Enterprises in Georgia, Mongolia, and the Philippines

Author

Listed:
  • Swaminathan , Hema

    (Indian Institute of Management Bangalore)

  • Martinez, Jr., Arturo

    (Asian Development Bank)

  • Joshii, Kaushal

    (Asian Development Bank)

  • Addawe, Mildred

    (Asian Development Bank)

  • Soco, Christian Flora Mae

    (Asian Development Bank)

  • Baes-Espineda, Remedios

    (Asian Development Bank)

Abstract

Using unique survey data from Georgia, Mongolia, and the Philippines, we examine gender gaps in entrepreneurship. The overall incidence of entrepreneurship is highest in Cavite, Philippines, while the gender gap in ownership is highest in Mongolia. On average, enterprises operated by men have larger firm size relative to those operated by women. Except for Mongolia, the average income of male-owned enterprises is greater than the average income of female-owned enterprises. Multivariate analysis suggests that the determinants of income vary by gender and across countries. Using the Oaxaca-Blinder decomposition, we find the average difference in income between men’s and women’s enterprise is not significant in Mongolia. More than 50% of the gender income gap is explained by observable characteristics in Georgia and the Philippines. On average, the income of female-owned enterprises would have seen a rise of 64% (Cavite, Philippines) and 59% (Georgia) if they had the same characteristics as male-owned firms.

Suggested Citation

  • Swaminathan , Hema & Martinez, Jr., Arturo & Joshii, Kaushal & Addawe, Mildred & Soco, Christian Flora Mae & Baes-Espineda, Remedios, 2023. "Gender Gaps in Ownership of Nonagricultural Enterprises in Georgia, Mongolia, and the Philippines," ADB Economics Working Paper Series 698, Asian Development Bank.
    • Handle: RePEc:ris:adbewp:0698
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Georgia; Mongolia; Philippines; entrepreneurship; nonagricultural enterprises; gender-income gap;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • J16 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination
    • L26 - Industrial Organization - - Firm Objectives, Organization, and Behavior - - - Entrepreneurship
    • O31 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Innovation; Research and Development; Technological Change; Intellectual Property Rights - - - Innovation and Invention: Processes and Incentives

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