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L’emprise de l'occulte sur la légitimité de l'état et l'aide à la démocratisation en Afrique

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  • Kohnert, Dirk

    (GIGA - German Institute of Global and Area Studies, Hamburg)

Abstract

ABSTRACT & RÉSUMÉ & ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: The impact of occult belief on legitimacy of the state and on aid for democratization in Africa: Among politicians and development experts in Africa alike there is a growing awareness of the never decreasing importance of the belief in magic and witchcraft on political decision making since pre-colonial times. Demonstration of the control of occult forces as a means of enhancing legitimacy of traditional or charismatic rule had been considered for over a century to be the prerogative of traditional chiefs and their marabouts; now it proved to be effective for the modern political elite and the state as well. An increasing number of African states officially recognized the existence of magic and witchcraft, and they adapted the imposed colonial law accordingly. In addition magic-religious belief systems, as represented by the vodun or African independent churches (e.g. the Kimbanguists), boasting to control witchcraft, are promoted by African political leaders to enhance legitimacy both of the political class and of state governance. At the same time, development experts tried to take into account the socio cultural dimension of development; they called for an "endogenization" of development aid. This call was justified, because endogenization should be considered as a pre-requisite of sustainable aid; however, under certain conditions it may be ambiguous and dangerous as well. Concerning the consideration of occult belief it may lead to the promotion of illegitimate rule and violation of basic human rights. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- RÉSUMÉ: Parmi les politiciens et les experts du développement en Afrique de même il y a une prise de conscience croissante de l'importance jamais décroissante de la croyance en la magie et la sorcellerie sur la prise de décision politique depuis l'époque pré-coloniale. La démonstration du contrôle des forces occultes comme un moyen de renforcer leurs légitimité avait été pendant plus d'un siècle la prérogative des chefs traditionnels et leurs marabouts. Aujourd'hui, il est efficace pour l'élite politique moderne et l'état moderne ainsi. Un nombre croissant d'Etats africains ont officiellement reconnu l'existence de la sorcellerie et de la magie, et ils adaptes la loi coloniale imposée en conséquence. En addition des systèmes de croyances magico-religieuses, représentée par le vodun ou des églises indépendantes africaines (par exemple, les Kimbanguistes), bénéficiant de contrôler la sorcellerie, sont promus par les dirigeants politiques africains pour renforcer la légitimité à la fois de la classe politique et de la gouvernance de l'État. Dans le même temps, des experts en développement ont essayé de prendre en compte la dimension culturelle du développement socio-culturelle. Ils ont appelé à une «endogénéisation» de l'aide au développement. Cet appel a été justifié, parce que l'endogénisation devrait être considérée comme un pré-requis de l'aide durable. Cependant, sous certaines conditions, il peut être ambigu et dangereux aussi. En ce qui concerne la considération de la croyance occulte elle peut conduire à la promotion de l'État illégitime et à la violation des droits humains fondamentaux. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ZUSAMMENFASSUNG: Unter Entwicklungsexperten und Politikern in Afrika beginnt sich die Erkenntnis durchzusetzen, daß der Einfluß des Magie- und Hexenglaubens auf den politischen Entscheidungsprozeß seit der Kolonialzeit eher zu- als abgenommen hat. Früher schienen nur traditonelle Herrscher die Demonstration ihrer Macht auch auf dem Gebiet des Okkulten für notwendig zu erachten. Heute bedient sich die modere Elite vieler afrikanischer Länder ebenfalls dieses Mittels, um dem Staat, der Regierung und der herrschenden politischen Klasse in den Augen der Wähler zu mehr Legitimität zu verhelfen. Gleichzeitig sehen sich Entwicklungsexperten und Regierungsberater gehalten, okkulten Glaubenssystemen als integralem Faktor der sozio-kulturellen Dimension der Entwicklung Afrikas zunehmend Beachtung zu schenken. Durch eine "Endogenisierung" der Entwicklungshilfe soll deren Nachhaltigkeit gewährleistet werden. Diese Forderung ist ambivalent und gefährlich: einerseits trägt sie dem berechtigten Interesse der Zielgruppen nach Respektierung ihrer Kultur Rechnung, andererseits kann beispielsweise die offizielle Verankerung des Okkulten im Rechtssystem und in der Politik afrikanischer Staaten zu gravierenden Verletzungen grundlegender Menschenrechte führen.

Suggested Citation

  • Kohnert, Dirk, 2020. "L’emprise de l'occulte sur la légitimité de l'état et l'aide à la démocratisation en Afrique," OSF Preprints e9buq, Center for Open Science.
  • Handle: RePEc:osf:osfxxx:e9buq
    DOI: 10.31219/osf.io/e9buq
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    1. Kohnert, Dirk & Elwert, Georg & Bierschenk, Thomas, 1993. "The long-term effects of development aid - Empirical studies in rural West Africa," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 47(1), pages 83-111.
    2. Kohnert, Dirk, 1996. "Magic and witchcraft: Implications for democratization and poverty-alleviating aid in Africa," World Development, Elsevier, vol. 24(8), pages 1347-1355, August.
    3. Kohnert, Dirk, 1988. "Socialism without liberation: Land Reclamation Projects in Guinea-Bissau," EconStor Open Access Articles and Book Chapters, ZBW - Leibniz Information Centre for Economics, vol. 28(2/3), pages 161-175.
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    More about this item

    JEL classification:

    • F35 - International Economics - - International Finance - - - Foreign Aid
    • N37 - Economic History - - Labor and Consumers, Demography, Education, Health, Welfare, Income, Wealth, Religion, and Philanthropy - - - Africa; Oceania
    • N97 - Economic History - - Regional and Urban History - - - Africa; Oceania
    • O17 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Economic Development - - - Formal and Informal Sectors; Shadow Economy; Institutional Arrangements
    • O29 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Development Planning and Policy - - - Other
    • O35 - Economic Development, Innovation, Technological Change, and Growth - - Innovation; Research and Development; Technological Change; Intellectual Property Rights - - - Social Innovation
    • P48 - Political Economy and Comparative Economic Systems - - Other Economic Systems - - - Legal Institutions; Property Rights; Natural Resources; Energy; Environment; Regional Studies
    • Z12 - Other Special Topics - - Cultural Economics - - - Religion
    • Z13 - Other Special Topics - - Cultural Economics - - - Economic Sociology; Economic Anthropology; Language; Social and Economic Stratification

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