Accuracy in Parameter Estimation and Simulation Approaches for Sample Size Planning with Multiple Stimuli

The planning of sample size for research studies often focuses on obtaining a significant result given a specified level of power, significance, and an anticipated effect size. This planning requires prior knowledge of the study design and a statistical analysis to calculate the proposed sample size. However, there may not be one specific testable analysis from which to derive power [@silberzahn2018many] or a hypothesis to test for the project (e.g., creation of a stimuli database). Modern power and sample size planning suggestions include accuracy in parameter estimation [AIPE, @kelley2007; @maxwell2008] and simulation of proposed analyses [@chalmers2020]. These toolkits provide flexibility in traditional power analyses that focus on the if-this, then-that approach, yet, both AIPE and simulation require either a specific parameter (e.g., mean, effect size, etc.) or statistical test for planning sample size. In this tutorial, we explore how AIPE and simulation approaches can be combined to accommodate studies that may not have a specific hypothesis test or wish to account for the potential of a multiverse of analyses. Specifically, we focus on studies that use multiple items and suggest that sample sizes can be planned to measure those items adequately and precisely, regardless of statistical test. This tutorial also provides multiple code vignettes and package functionality that researchers can adapt and apply to their own measures.