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Parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) are currently negotiating a climate change agreement scheduled for adoption at the 21st Conference of the Parties in December 2015. At the centre of the new agreement are nationally determined contributions (NDCs). These are the objectives and actions relating to mitigation or other aspects of climate change responses that countries are willing to put forward internationally and be bound by in some way. This paper seeks to clarify and discuss ideas contained in the draft agreement and draft decision text for the 2015 agreement that may serve to enhance the dynamism and ambition of nationally determined mitigation contributions or commitments (NDMCs). Provisions for ambition and dynamism are included in the procedures framing NDMCs, namely common, regular communications and the requirement that NDMCs become more ambitious over time. Several multilateral processes are also proposed, which might influence the ambition of NDMCs in terms of their content and implementation. The paper discusses proposals for a clarification exercise, a regular global stocktake, and individual assessment and review processes contained with the transparency system and a potential facilitative compliance and implementation system. There are implementation challenges associated with all proposals, though overall these could encourage countries to maximise effort, and provide an opportunity for countries to revise and update their contributions and commitments at regular intervals. Établissement de cycles pour les contributions ou les engagements en matière d'atténuation déterminées au niveau national Les Parties à la Convention-cadre des Nations Unies sur les changements climatiques (CCNUCC) négocient actuellement un accord climatique qui devrait être adopté à la 21e Conférence des Parties en décembre 2015. Au centre de ce nouvel accord figurent les contributions déterminées au niveau national (CDN). Il s’agit des objectifs et mesures ayant trait à l’atténuation ou d’autres aspects des actions que les pays sont disposés à proposer au niveau international pour faire face au changement climatique, et pour lesquels ils sont prêts à prendre une forme d’engagement. Ce document vise à clarifier et examiner les idées contenues dans le projet d’accord et le texte du projet de décision concernant l’accord de 2015, qui pourraient servir à renforcer le dynamisme et l’ambition des contributions ou engagements en matière d’atténuation déterminés au niveau national. Des dispositions relatives au niveau et au rythme des efforts sont inscrites dans les procédures encadrant l’établissement de ces contributions ou engagements, à savoir des communications régulièrement présentées par toutes les Parties, et l’obligation de relever progressivement le niveau d’ambition des contributions. Plusieurs processus multilatéraux sont aussi proposés, qui pourraient influer sur le degré d’ambition des contributions ou engagements en matière d’atténuation, en termes de contenu et de mise en oeuvre. Ce document examine diverses propositions : un exercice de clarification, un bilan régulier à l’échelle mondiale, et des processus d’évaluation et de révision individuels liés au cadre de transparence et à un mécanisme potentiel de facilitation du respect et de la mise en oeuvre. Si des difficultés de mise en oeuvre sont associées à toutes ces propositions, dans l’ensemble, celles-ci pourraient inciter les pays à pousser leurs efforts au maximum, et leur offrir l’occasion de réviser et d’actualiser leurs contributions et engagements à intervalles réguliers.
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Keywords
2015 agreement;
climate change;
greenhouse gas;
mitigation;
UNFCCC;
All these keywords.
JEL classification:
- F53 - International Economics - - International Relations, National Security, and International Political Economy - - - International Agreements and Observance; International Organizations
- H87 - Public Economics - - Miscellaneous Issues - - - International Fiscal Issues; International Public Goods
- Q54 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Environmental Economics - - - Climate; Natural Disasters and their Management; Global Warming
- Q56 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Environmental Economics - - - Environment and Development; Environment and Trade; Sustainability; Environmental Accounts and Accounting; Environmental Equity; Population Growth
- Q58 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Environmental Economics - - - Environmental Economics: Government Policy
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