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Tax Preferences for Environmental Goals: Use, Limitations and Preferred Practices

Author

Listed:
  • James Greene

    (OECD)

  • Nils Axel Braathen

    (OECD)

Abstract

This paper reviews the use of tax preferences to achieve environmental policy objectives. Tax preferences involve using the tax system to adjust relative prices with a view to influencing producer or consumer behaviour in favour of goods or services that are considered to be environmentally beneficial. They take various forms, typically a partial or total exemption from a specified tax. Because tax preferences help to avoid or reduce costs for businesses or consumers, there are often pressures on governments to favour them over other instruments. As a result, they are sometimes used inappropriately, typically to address negative externalities for which they are not well suited. The paper suggests that the comparative advantage of tax preferences is in providing support for positive externalities, that is situations in which a subsidy would help to deliver more social benefits than would otherwise be the case. When designing tax preferences, care must be taken to ensure that they do not encourage technological lock-in, provide perverse incentives for environmentally harmful activities (the rebound effect), or reward producers or consumers for actions they would have taken anyway. Since tax preferences are a form of subsidy, they should be subject to the same degree of scrutiny and oversight as other forms of public expenditure. Ce document examine la question du recours aux avantages fiscaux pour atteindre les objectifs de la politique de l’environnement. Les avantages fiscaux consistent à utiliser le système fiscal pour ajuster les prix relatifs afin d’influencer le comportement des producteurs ou des consommateurs en faveur de biens ou de services considérés comme bénéfiques pour l’environnement. Ils prennent diverses formes, le plus souvent une exemption totale ou partielle d’une taxe particulière. Étant donné que les avantages fiscaux contribuent à éviter ou réduire les coûts pour les entreprises ou les consommateurs, des pressions sont souvent exercées sur les pouvoirs publics pour qu’ils les préfèrent à d’autres instruments. Aussi sont-ils parfois utilisés à mauvais escient, généralement pour traiter des externalités négatives pour lesquelles ils sont mal adaptés. Ce document tend à montrer que l’avantage comparatif de ces instruments réside dans le soutien qu’ils apportent aux externalités positives, à savoir les situations dans lesquelles une subvention aiderait à procurer plus d’avantages pour la collectivité que ce ne serait le cas autrement. Pour concevoir des avantages fiscaux, il faut veiller à ce qu’ils n’encouragent pas le verrouillage technologique, ne créent pas d’incitations perverses en faveur d’activités dommageables pour l’environnement (effet rebond), ou ne récompensent pas les producteurs ou les consommateurs pour des actions qu’ils auraient entreprises de toute façon. Étant donné que les avantages fiscaux sont une forme de subvention, il convient de les surveiller d’aussi près que les autres formes de dépenses publiques.

Suggested Citation

  • James Greene & Nils Axel Braathen, 2014. "Tax Preferences for Environmental Goals: Use, Limitations and Preferred Practices," OECD Environment Working Papers 71, OECD Publishing.
  • Handle: RePEc:oec:envaaa:71-en
    DOI: 10.1787/5jxwrr4hkd6l-en
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    Cited by:

    1. Caillavet, France & Fadhuile, Adélaïde & Nichèle, Véronique, 2019. "Assessing the distributional effects of carbon taxes on food: Inequalities and nutritional insights in France," Ecological Economics, Elsevier, vol. 163(C), pages 20-31.
    2. Marta Villar, 2017. "Natalie P. Stoianoff, Larry Kreiser, Bill Butcher, Janet E. Milne and Hope Ashiabor. Green Fiscal Reform for a Sustainable Future. Reform, Innovation and Renewable Energy," Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences, Springer;Association of Environmental Studies and Sciences, vol. 7(3), pages 466-468, September.
    3. Caillavet, F. & Fadhuile, A. & Nichèle, V., 2018. "Assessing the distributional effects of carbon taxes on food: inequalities and nutritional insights," Working Papers 2018-12, Grenoble Applied Economics Laboratory (GAEL).

    More about this item

    Keywords

    avantages fiscaux motivés par des considérations environnementales; comportement influencé par l’impôt; effets environnementaux; environmental effects; environmentally motivated tax preferences; tax induced behaviour;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • H20 - Public Economics - - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue - - - General
    • H23 - Public Economics - - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue - - - Externalities; Redistributive Effects; Environmental Taxes and Subsidies
    • H25 - Public Economics - - Taxation, Subsidies, and Revenue - - - Business Taxes and Subsidies
    • H30 - Public Economics - - Fiscal Policies and Behavior of Economic Agents - - - General
    • Q58 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Environmental Economics - - - Environmental Economics: Government Policy

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