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Incentivising Lending to SMEs with the Funding for Lending Scheme: Some Evidence from Bank-level Data in the United Kingdom

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  • Olena Havrylchyk

Abstract

This study explores the effectiveness of the incentive mechanisms embedded within the UK’s Funding for Lending Scheme (FLS) for banks’ to expand their supply of lending to medium sized enterprises (SMEs). The FLS was announced by the Bank of England and HM Treasury in June 2012, with the aim of improving the supply of credit to the UK real economy. Despite the prevailing low level of risk-free interest rates, UK banks’ funding costs were elevated at the time of the Scheme's introduction, and the intention was to provide lenders with a stable source of lower-cost funding to support credit provision to the real economy. The Scheme’s design built in direct incentives for banks to support lending to the real economy, by linking both the price and quantity of funding available through the Scheme to their lending performance. This paper looks for evidence of the effectiveness of these incentives, exploiting a modification of the Scheme’s design for its extension in April 2013 to help identify changes in credit supply from credit demand. Specifically, the change sharpened incentives to lend to SMEs, relative to larger ones. This facilitates using a difference-in-difference approach, exploiting bank-level data on UK banking groups, to look for a direct impact of incentives on credit supply, considering larger companies as a control group. On the basis of the available dataset, it is not possible to identify that this change in the incentive structure of the FLS directly boosted loan growth to SMEs, relative to large firms, between the extension of the Scheme and the end of 2013. The results seem robust to using different metrics of credit supply. However, the dataset is unavoidably small, both in terms of number of lenders covered and the length of the period after the modification of the design. More generally, reductions in lenders’ market funding costs since the FLS’ introduction may have lessened banks’ incentives to use draw on the Scheme, and so the impact of incentives within it. Les mécanismes d'incitation au crédit aux PME dans le Funding for Lending Scheme : effet constaté à partir des données au niveau des banques au Royaume-Uni La présente étude examine l’effet des mécanismes d’incitation rassemblés dans le Funding for Lending Scheme (FLS) sur l’évolution des volumes de prêt des banques aux petites et moyennes entreprises (PME) britanniques. Le FLS a été lancé en juin 2012 par la Banque d’Angleterre et le Trésor britannique dans le but d’améliorer l’offre de crédit pour l’économie réelle au Royaume-Uni. Malgré le niveau généralement bas des taux d’intérêt sans risque à l’époque, les banques britanniques faisaient face à des coûts de financement élevés au moment de la mise en place du dispositif, et l’intention était d’ouvrir aux établissements prêteurs une source stable de financement à meilleur marché pour appuyer la fourniture de crédit à l’économie réelle. La conception du FLS intégrait des mécanismes directs d’incitation à soutenir l’économie réelle, qui liaient le prix et la quantité des ressources mises à la disposition des établissements aux volumes de prêts consentis par ces derniers. Cette étude vise à trouver des preuves de l’effet de ces mesures d’incitation, en s’attachant en particulier à leur impact après la redéfinition et l’extension du dispositif en avril 2013 pour mettre en évidence les évolutions de l’offre de crédit liées à la demande de crédit. La modification du dispositif intensifiait spécifiquement l’incitation à prêter aux PME par opposition aux grandes entreprises. Cette réorientation facilite l’utilisation d’une méthode d’estimation par différences de différences et la recherche, à partir des données par établissement pour les groupes bancaires britanniques, d’un effet direct des incitations sur l’offre de crédit, les grandes entreprises étant prises comme groupe de contrôle. L’ensemble de données disponible ne permet pas de déterminer que ce changement dans la structure des incitations du FLS a directement renforcé la croissance des prêts aux PME par rapport aux prêts aux grandes entreprises entre le moment de l’extension du dispositif et la fin de 2013. Ces résultats ne semblent pas varier même lorsque l’on utilise d’autres mesures de l’offre de crédit. Cependant, la série de données est inévitablement petite, tant par le nombre de prêteurs couverts que par la période examinée, après la réorientation ; et, plus généralement, la baisse répétée des coûts de financement sur le marché pour les prêteurs depuis la mise en place du FLS a pu amoindrir l’intérêt d’un recours au dispositif pour les banques et, partant, l'impact des mécanismes d'incitation qu'il contenait.

Suggested Citation

  • Olena Havrylchyk, 2016. "Incentivising Lending to SMEs with the Funding for Lending Scheme: Some Evidence from Bank-level Data in the United Kingdom," OECD Economics Department Working Papers 1365, OECD Publishing.
  • Handle: RePEc:oec:ecoaaa:1365-en
    DOI: 10.1787/a4352865-en
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    1. Butt, Nick & Churm, Rohan & McMahon, Michael & Morotz, Arpad & Schanz, Jochen, 2014. "QE and the bank lending channel in the United Kingdom," Bank of England working papers 511, Bank of England.
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    6. Churm, Rohan & Radia, Amar & Leake, Jeremy & Srinivasan, Sylaja & Whisker, Rishard, 2012. "The Funding for Lending Scheme," Bank of England Quarterly Bulletin, Bank of England, vol. 52(4), pages 306-320.
    7. Degryse, Hans & Kim, Moshe & Ongena, Steven, 2009. "Microeconometrics of Banking Methods, Applications, and Results," OUP Catalogue, Oxford University Press, number 9780195340471.
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    Cited by:

    1. Ruishi Jiang & Jia Ruan, 2023. "Does Direct Monetary Policy Affect the Supply of Bank Credit to Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises? An Analysis Based on Chinese Data," Sustainability, MDPI, vol. 15(15), pages 1-19, July.
    2. Andreas Breitenfellner & Wolfgang Pointner & Helene Schuberth, 2019. "The Potential Contribution of Central Banks to Green Finance," Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung / Quarterly Journal of Economic Research, DIW Berlin, German Institute for Economic Research, vol. 88(2), pages 55-71.
    3. Grahame Johnson & Sharon Kozicki & Romanos Priftis & Lena Suchanek & Jonathan Witmer & Jing Yang, 2020. "Implementation and Effectiveness of Extended Monetary Policy Tools: Lessons from the Literature," Discussion Papers 2020-16, Bank of Canada.
    4. Naiborhu, Elis Deriantino & Ulfa, Dhanita, 2023. "The lending implication of a funding for lending scheme policy during COVID-19 pandemic: The case of Indonesia Banks," Economic Analysis and Policy, Elsevier, vol. 78(C), pages 1059-1069.
    5. Tetsuji Okazaki & Toshihiro Okubo & Eric Strobl, 2020. "The Bright and Dark Side of Financial Support from Local and Central Banks after a Natural Disaster: Evidence from the Great Kanto Earthquake, 1923 Japan," Keio-IES Discussion Paper Series 2020-001, Institute for Economics Studies, Keio University.
    6. Sharon Lai & Kevin Lane & Laura Nunn, 2022. "The Term Funding Facility: Has It Encouraged Business Lending?," RBA Research Discussion Papers rdp2022-07, Reserve Bank of Australia.
    7. Mark A. Carlson & Rebecca Zarutskie, 2022. "Considerations regarding the use of the discount window to support economic activity through a funding for lending program," Finance and Economics Discussion Series 2022-070, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.).
    8. Emilie Da Silva & Vincent Grossmann-Wirth & Benoit Nguyen & Miklos Vari, 2021. "Paying Banks to Lend? Evidence from the Eurosystem's TLTRO and the Euro Area Credit Registry," Working papers 848, Banque de France.
    9. Kolozsi, Pál Péter & Parragh, Bianka & Pulai, György, 2017. "Categorising the Central Bank's Credit Incentive Programs by Targeting and Intensity," Public Finance Quarterly, Corvinus University of Budapest, vol. 62(4), pages 502-523.
    10. Raschid Amamou & Áron Gereben & Marcin Wolski, 2023. "Assessing the impact of the EIB’s intermediated lending to SMEs during funding shocks," Small Business Economics, Springer, vol. 60(3), pages 975-1007, March.

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    More about this item

    Keywords

    banks; monetary transmission; SME lending; unconventional monetary policy;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • E51 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit - - - Money Supply; Credit; Money Multipliers
    • G28 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Government Policy and Regulation
    • G21 - Financial Economics - - Financial Institutions and Services - - - Banks; Other Depository Institutions; Micro Finance Institutions; Mortgages

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