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Fiscal Progressivity of the U.S. Federal and State Governments

Author

Listed:
  • Johannes Fleck
  • Jonathan Heathcote
  • Kjetil Storesletten
  • Giovanni L. Violante

Abstract

Combining a variety of survey and administrative data, this paper measures the progressivity of taxes and transfers at the U.S. federal level and separately for each state. The findings are as follows. (i) The federal tax and transfer system is progressive. (ii) State and local tax and transfer systems are close to proportional, on average. (iii) There is substantial heterogeneity in tax levels and tax progressivity across states. (iv) States that are funded mostly by sales and property taxes tend to have regressive tax systems and low average tax rates. States that are funded mostly by income taxes tend to have progressive tax systems and high average tax rates. (v) Regressive states are concentrated in the South and attract more inter-state net migration, especially of high-income migrants. (vi) State progressivity has remained broadly stable between 2005 and 2016. (vii) Incorporating corporate income and business taxes decreases average state progressivity but increases federal progressivity. (viii) Including spending on public goods and services as a transfer has a large positive impact on measured progressivity.

Suggested Citation

  • Johannes Fleck & Jonathan Heathcote & Kjetil Storesletten & Giovanni L. Violante, 2025. "Fiscal Progressivity of the U.S. Federal and State Governments," NBER Working Papers 33385, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
  • Handle: RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33385
    Note: EFG
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    More about this item

    JEL classification:

    • E60 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Macroeconomic Policy, Macroeconomic Aspects of Public Finance, and General Outlook - - - General
    • H10 - Public Economics - - Structure and Scope of Government - - - General
    • R28 - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics - - Household Analysis - - - Government Policy

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