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Child Penalties and Parental Role Models: Classroom Exposure Effects

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Listed:
  • Henrik Kleven
  • Giulia Olivero
  • Eleonora Patacchini

Abstract

This paper investigates whether the effects of children on the labor market outcomes of women relative to men — child penalties — are shaped by the work behavior of peers’ parents during adolescence. Leveraging quasi-random variation in the fraction of peers with working parents across cohorts within schools, we find that greater exposure to working mothers during adolescence substantially reduces the child penalty in employment later in life. Conversely, we find that greater exposure to working fathers increases the penalty. Our findings suggest that parental role models during adolescence are critical for shaping child-related gender gaps in the labor market.

Suggested Citation

  • Henrik Kleven & Giulia Olivero & Eleonora Patacchini, 2024. "Child Penalties and Parental Role Models: Classroom Exposure Effects," NBER Working Papers 33002, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    • Handle: RePEc:nbr:nberwo:33002
    Note: CH LS PE
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    More about this item

    JEL classification:

    • J13 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Fertility; Family Planning; Child Care; Children; Youth
    • J16 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Economics of Gender; Non-labor Discrimination
    • J21 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Labor Force and Employment, Size, and Structure
    • J22 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demand and Supply of Labor - - - Time Allocation and Labor Supply

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