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Historical Differences in Female-Owned Manufacturing Establishments: The United States, 1850-1880

Author

Listed:
  • Ruveyda Gozen
  • Richard Hornbeck
  • Anders Humlum
  • Martin Rotemberg

Abstract

We characterize female-owned manufacturing establishments using newly digitized manuscripts from the US Census of Manufactures (1850, 1860, 1870, 1880). Female-owned establishments were smaller than male-owned establishments and had lower capital-to-output ratios, which could reflect more-constrained financial access and other distortions. Female-owned establishments employed more women and paid women higher wages, creating a potential cycle between increased female business ownership and increased female labor market participation. Female-owned establishments concentrated in sub-industries like women's clothing and millinery, which is associated with some but not all of these differences. We also show how female owners differed from other women in the Population Census.

Suggested Citation

  • Ruveyda Gozen & Richard Hornbeck & Anders Humlum & Martin Rotemberg, 2024. "Historical Differences in Female-Owned Manufacturing Establishments: The United States, 1850-1880," NBER Working Papers 32575, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    • Handle: RePEc:nbr:nberwo:32575
    Note: CF DAE DEV EFG IO LS PR
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    JEL classification:

    • M1 - Business Administration and Business Economics; Marketing; Accounting; Personnel Economics - - Business Administration

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