IDEAS home Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/p/kan/wpaper/202011.html
   My bibliography  Save this paper

Testing Financial Hierarchy Based on A PDQ-CRE Model

Author

Listed:
  • Zongwu Cai

    (Department of Economics, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA)

  • Meng Shi

    (Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, Beijing 100190, and School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, Beijing 100049, China)

  • Yue Zhao

    (School of Business, Renmin University of China, Beijing, Beijing 100872, China)

  • Wuqing Wu

    (School of Business, Renmin University of China, Beijing, Beijing 100872, China)

Abstract

This paper investigates the relative importance of internal and external sources of funds in financing activities across different levels of investment activities by proposing a panel data quantile regression model with correlated random effects (PDQ-CRE), which accounts for heteroscedasticity in both firm-specific individuals and distribution of investment. A new estimation method is proposed by using the quasi-likelihood function for conditional quantile model and Laplace approximation. We show that the proposed estimator is consistent and normally distributed. A Monte Carlo simulation is conducted to examine the performance of the estimator in finite samples. Finally, empirical results find a strong evidence that the financing hierarchy of U.S. firms is in accordance with the first rung of the pecking order theory across all levels of investments from 10% to 90%.

Suggested Citation

  • Zongwu Cai & Meng Shi & Yue Zhao & Wuqing Wu, 2020. "Testing Financial Hierarchy Based on A PDQ-CRE Model," WORKING PAPERS SERIES IN THEORETICAL AND APPLIED ECONOMICS 202011, University of Kansas, Department of Economics, revised Jul 2020.
    • Handle: RePEc:kan:wpaper:202011
    as

    Download full text from publisher

    File URL: http://www2.ku.edu/~kuwpaper/2020Papers/202011.pdf
    Download Restriction: no
    ---><---

    References listed on IDEAS

    as
    1. Komunjer, Ivana, 2005. "Quasi-maximum likelihood estimation for conditional quantiles," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 128(1), pages 137-164, September.
    2. Stewart C. Myers & Nicholas S. Majluf, 1984. "Corporate Financing and Investment Decisions When Firms Have InformationThat Investors Do Not Have," NBER Working Papers 1396, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    3. Myers, Stewart C. & Majluf, Nicholas S., 1984. "Corporate financing and investment decisions when firms have information that investors do not have," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 13(2), pages 187-221, June.
    4. Lemmon, Michael L. & Zender, Jaime F., 2010. "Debt Capacity and Tests of Capital Structure Theories," Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis, Cambridge University Press, vol. 45(5), pages 1161-1187, October.
    5. Eugene F. Fama, 2002. "Testing Trade-Off and Pecking Order Predictions About Dividends and Debt," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 15(1), pages 1-33, March.
    6. Machado, José A.F. & Santos Silva, J.M.C., 2019. "Quantiles via moments," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 213(1), pages 145-173.
    7. Sean Cleary, 1999. "The Relationship between Firm Investment and Financial Status," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 54(2), pages 673-692, April.
    8. Koenker, Roger, 2004. "Quantile regression for longitudinal data," Journal of Multivariate Analysis, Elsevier, vol. 91(1), pages 74-89, October.
    9. Fama, Eugene F. & French, Kenneth R., 2005. "Financing decisions: who issues stock?," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 76(3), pages 549-582, June.
    10. Koenker, Roger & Zhao, Quanshui, 1996. "Conditional Quantile Estimation and Inference for Arch Models," Econometric Theory, Cambridge University Press, vol. 12(5), pages 793-813, December.
    11. Jerry Hausman & Haoyang Liu & Ye Luo & Christopher Palmer, 2021. "Errors in the Dependent Variable of Quantile Regression Models," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 89(2), pages 849-873, March.
    12. Frank, Murray Z. & Goyal, Vidhan K., 2003. "Testing the pecking order theory of capital structure," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 67(2), pages 217-248, February.
    13. Sreedhar T. Bharath & Paolo Pasquariello & Guojun Wu, 2009. "Does Asymmetric Information Drive Capital Structure Decisions?," The Review of Financial Studies, Society for Financial Studies, vol. 22(8), pages 3211-3243, August.
    14. Chamberlain, Gary, 1982. "Multivariate regression models for panel data," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 18(1), pages 5-46, January.
    15. Cai, Zongwu & Xiao, Zhijie, 2012. "Semiparametric quantile regression estimation in dynamic models with partially varying coefficients," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 167(2), pages 413-425.
    16. James R. Brown & Steven M. Fazzari & Bruce C. Petersen, 2009. "Financing Innovation and Growth: Cash Flow, External Equity, and the 1990s R&D Boom," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 64(1), pages 151-185, February.
    17. M. Hashem Pesaran, 2006. "Estimation and Inference in Large Heterogeneous Panels with a Multifactor Error Structure," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 74(4), pages 967-1012, July.
    18. Cai, Zongwu & Xu, Xiaoping, 2009. "Nonparametric Quantile Estimations for Dynamic Smooth Coefficient Models," Journal of the American Statistical Association, American Statistical Association, vol. 104(485), pages 371-383.
    19. Koenker, Roger W & Bassett, Gilbert, Jr, 1978. "Regression Quantiles," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 46(1), pages 33-50, January.
    20. Michael Faulkender & Rong Wang, 2006. "Corporate Financial Policy and the Value of Cash," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 61(4), pages 1957-1990, August.
    21. Jung, Kooyul & Yong-Cheol, Kim & Stulz, Rene M., 1996. "Timing, investment opportunities, managerial discretion, and the security issue decision," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 42(2), pages 159-185, October.
    22. Gu, Jiaying & Volgushev, Stanislav, 2019. "Panel data quantile regression with grouped fixed effects," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 213(1), pages 68-91.
    23. Myers, Stewart C., 1984. "Capital structure puzzle," Working papers 1548-84., Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Sloan School of Management.
    24. Matthew Harding & Carlos Lamarche, 2017. "Penalized Quantile Regression with Semiparametric Correlated Effects: An Application with Heterogeneous Preferences," Journal of Applied Econometrics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 32(2), pages 342-358, March.
    25. Myers, Stewart C, 1984. "The Capital Structure Puzzle," Journal of Finance, American Finance Association, vol. 39(3), pages 575-592, July.
    26. Brown, Stephen & Dutordoir, Marie & Veld, Chris & Veld-Merkoulova, Yulia, 2019. "What is the role of institutional investors in corporate capital structure decisions? A survey analysis," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 58(C), pages 270-286.
    27. Antonio F. Galvao & Carlos Lamarche & Luiz Renato Lima, 2013. "Estimation of Censored Quantile Regression for Panel Data With Fixed Effects," Journal of the American Statistical Association, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 108(503), pages 1075-1089, September.
    28. Jushan Bai, 2009. "Panel Data Models With Interactive Fixed Effects," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 77(4), pages 1229-1279, July.
    29. Stewart C. Myers, 1984. "Capital Structure Puzzle," NBER Working Papers 1393, National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc.
    30. Basil Al‐Najjar & Yacine Belghitar, 2011. "Corporate cash holdings and dividend payments: evidence from simultaneous analysis," Managerial and Decision Economics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 32(4), pages 231-241, June.
    31. Lamarche, Carlos, 2010. "Robust penalized quantile regression estimation for panel data," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 157(2), pages 396-408, August.
    32. Cai, Zongwu & Chen, Linna & Fang, Ying, 2018. "A semiparametric quantile panel data model with an application to estimating the growth effect of FDI," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 206(2), pages 531-553.
    33. Chay, J.B. & Park, Soon Hong & Kim, Soojung & Suh, Jungwon, 2015. "Financing hierarchy: Evidence from quantile regression," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 33(C), pages 147-163.
    Full references (including those not matched with items on IDEAS)

    Most related items

    These are the items that most often cite the same works as this one and are cited by the same works as this one.
    1. Leary, Mark T. & Roberts, Michael R., 2010. "The pecking order, debt capacity, and information asymmetry," Journal of Financial Economics, Elsevier, vol. 95(3), pages 332-355, March.
    2. Didier Brandao,Tatiana & Levine,Ross Eric & Schmukler,Sergio L., 2015. "Capital market financing, firm growth, and firm size distribution," Policy Research Working Paper Series 7353, The World Bank.
    3. Abe De Jong & Marno Verbeek & Patrick Verwijmeren, 2010. "The Impact of Financing Surpluses and Large Financing Deficits on Tests of the Pecking Order Theory," Financial Management, Financial Management Association International, vol. 39(2), pages 733-756, June.
    4. Saumitra, Bhaduri, 2012. "Why do firms issue equity? Some evidence from an emerging economy, India," MPRA Paper 38043, University Library of Munich, Germany.
    5. Attaullah Shah & Jasir Ilyas, 2014. "Is Negative Profitability-Leverage Relation the only Support for the Pecking Order Theory in Case of Pakistani Firms?," The Pakistan Development Review, Pakistan Institute of Development Economics, vol. 53(1), pages 33-55.
    6. Clausen, Saskia & Flor, Christian Riis, 2015. "The impact of assets-in-place on corporate financing and investment decisions," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 61(C), pages 64-80.
    7. Pan, Lee-Hsien & Lin, Chien-Ting & Lee, Shih-Cheng & Ho, Kung-Cheng, 2015. "Information ratings and capital structure," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 31(C), pages 17-32.
    8. Djaoudath Alidou, 2012. "Employees Equity Issue and Asymmetric Information:Evidence from France - Augmentations de capital réservées aux salariés et Asymétrie d’information:Cas de la France," Working Papers CREGO 1120901, Université de Bourgogne - CREGO EA7317 Centre de recherches en gestion des organisations.
    9. Didier Brandao,Tatiana & Levine,Ross Eric & Schmukler,Sergio L., 2015. "Capital market financing, firm growth, and firm size distribution," Policy Research Working Paper Series 7353, The World Bank.
    10. Kung‐Cheng Ho & Yujing Gong, 2022. "Information asymmetry and capital structure: Evidence from the Chinese stock market," International Finance, Wiley Blackwell, vol. 25(1), pages 84-102, April.
    11. Chay, J.B. & Park, Soon Hong & Kim, Soojung & Suh, Jungwon, 2015. "Financing hierarchy: Evidence from quantile regression," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 33(C), pages 147-163.
    12. Abdul Rashid & Noshaba Jabeen, 2018. "Financial frictions and the cash flow – external financing sensitivity: evidence from a panel of Pakistani firms," Financial Innovation, Springer;Southwestern University of Finance and Economics, vol. 4(1), pages 1-20, December.
    13. Allini, Alessandra & Rakha, Soliman & McMillan, David G. & Caldarelli, Adele, 2018. "Pecking order and market timing theory in emerging markets: The case of Egyptian firms," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 44(C), pages 297-308.
    14. Wu, Xueping & Au Yeung, Chau Kin, 2012. "Firm growth type and capital structure persistence," Journal of Banking & Finance, Elsevier, vol. 36(12), pages 3427-3443.
    15. Mohamed Soufeljil & Asma Sghaier & Zouhayer Mighri & Hanène Kheireddine, 2017. "The financial structure of the Tunisian listed businesses: an application on panel data," Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, Springer;UNESCO Chair in Entrepreneurship, vol. 7(1), pages 1-25, December.
    16. Bipin Sony & Saumitra Bhaduri, 2018. "Information Asymmetry and Debt–Equity Choice: Evidence from an Emerging Market, India," Review of Market Integration, India Development Foundation, vol. 10(3), pages 228-252, December.
    17. Mai, Nhat Chi, 2012. "Market timing, taxes and capital structure: evidence from Vietnam," OSF Preprints t3mvs, Center for Open Science.
    18. Barclay, Michael J. & Fu, Fangjian & Smith, Clifford W., 2021. "Seasoned equity offerings and corporate financial management," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 66(C).
    19. Tung Lam Dang & Thi Hong Hanh Huynh & Manh Toan Nguyen & Thi Minh Hue Nguyen, 2017. "The firm information environment and capital structure: international evidence," Applied Economics, Taylor & Francis Journals, vol. 49(44), pages 4482-4500, September.
    20. Cai, Jie & Zhang, Zhe, 2011. "Leverage change, debt overhang, and stock prices," Journal of Corporate Finance, Elsevier, vol. 17(3), pages 391-402, June.

    More about this item

    Keywords

    Correlated Random Effects; Panel Data; Pecking Order Theory; Quantile Regression Model; Quasi-Maximum Likelihood Estimator;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • C33 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables - - - Models with Panel Data; Spatio-temporal Models
    • C31 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables - - - Cross-Sectional Models; Spatial Models; Treatment Effect Models; Quantile Regressions; Social Interaction Models

    NEP fields

    This paper has been announced in the following NEP Reports:

    Statistics

    Access and download statistics

    Corrections

    All material on this site has been provided by the respective publishers and authors. You can help correct errors and omissions. When requesting a correction, please mention this item's handle: RePEc:kan:wpaper:202011. See general information about how to correct material in RePEc.

    If you have authored this item and are not yet registered with RePEc, we encourage you to do it here. This allows to link your profile to this item. It also allows you to accept potential citations to this item that we are uncertain about.

    If CitEc recognized a bibliographic reference but did not link an item in RePEc to it, you can help with this form .

    If you know of missing items citing this one, you can help us creating those links by adding the relevant references in the same way as above, for each refering item. If you are a registered author of this item, you may also want to check the "citations" tab in your RePEc Author Service profile, as there may be some citations waiting for confirmation.

    For technical questions regarding this item, or to correct its authors, title, abstract, bibliographic or download information, contact: Professor Zongwu Cai (email available below). General contact details of provider: https://edirc.repec.org/data/deuksus.html .

    Please note that corrections may take a couple of weeks to filter through the various RePEc services.

    IDEAS is a RePEc service. RePEc uses bibliographic data supplied by the respective publishers.