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Empirical Analysis of Racial Disparities in Policing

Author

Listed:
  • Premkumar, Deepak

    (Public Policy Institute of California)

  • Lofstrom, Magnus

    (Public Policy Institute of California)

  • Hayes, Joseph

    (Public Policy Institute of California)

  • Martin, Brandon

    (Public Policy Institute of California)

  • Cremin, Sean

    (Public Policy Institute of California)

Abstract

Racial disparities within the criminal justice system continue to be a pressing issue in the U.S. In this paper, we analyze data for almost four million stops by California's fifteen largest law enforcement agencies in 2019, examining the extent to which people of color experience searches, enforcement, intrusiveness, and use of force differently from white people. Black Californians are more likely to be searched than white Californians, but searches of Black civilians reveal less contraband and evidence. Black people are overrepresented in stops not leading to enforcement as well as in stops leading to an arrest. While differences in location and context for the stop significantly contribute to racial disparities, notable inequities remain after accounting for such factors. These disparities are concentrated in traffic stops. A notable proportion of which lead to no enforcement or discovery—suggesting that gains in efficiency and equity are possible. Through a "veil of darkness" analysis, we find evidence that racial bias may be a contributing factor to disparities in traffic stops for Black and Latino drivers. These findings suggest that traffic stops for non-moving violations deserve consideration for alternative enforcement strategies.

Suggested Citation

  • Premkumar, Deepak & Lofstrom, Magnus & Hayes, Joseph & Martin, Brandon & Cremin, Sean, 2025. "Empirical Analysis of Racial Disparities in Policing," IZA Discussion Papers 17729, Institute of Labor Economics (IZA).
  • Handle: RePEc:iza:izadps:dp17729
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    policing; racial disparities; racial bias; stops; searches; enforcement;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • J15 - Labor and Demographic Economics - - Demographic Economics - - - Economics of Minorities, Races, Indigenous Peoples, and Immigrants; Non-labor Discrimination
    • K42 - Law and Economics - - Legal Procedure, the Legal System, and Illegal Behavior - - - Illegal Behavior and the Enforcement of Law
    • K14 - Law and Economics - - Basic Areas of Law - - - Criminal Law
    • H41 - Public Economics - - Publicly Provided Goods - - - Public Goods

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