Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT)-based runoff and sediment yield modeling: a case of the Gumera Watershed in Lake Tana Sub Basin

Land degradation is a serious threat in the Gumera watershed which is reflected in the form of soil erosion. Erosion is a major watershed problem causing significant loss of soil fertility and productivity. Increased sediment loads that shorten the useful life of the reservoir, the lives of other water-related structures, and increase the cost of maintenance and sediment remediation are off-site impacts of erosion. To develop effective erosion control plans and to achieve reductions in sedimentation, it is important to quantify the sediment yield and identify areas that are vulnerable to erosion. In recent decades, several simulation models have been developed in order to estimate, quantify, enhance understanding of spatial and temporal variability of erosion, and identify areas which are high contributors of sediment at micro-watershed level and over large areas. We used SWAT (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) to predict sediment yield, runoff, identify spatial distribution of sediment, and to test the potential of watershed management interventions in reducing sediment load from \u2018hot spot\u2019 areas. The tool was calibrated and validated against measured flow and sediment data. Both, calibration and validation results, showed a good match between measured and simulated flow and suspended sediment. The model prediction results indicated that about 72% of the Gumera watershed is erosion potential area with an average annual sediment load ranging from 11 to /ha/yr 22 tons exceeding tolerable soil loss rates in the study area. The model was applied to evaluate the potential of filter strips with various widths to reduce sediment production from critical micro-watersheds. The investigation revealed that implementing vegetation filter strips can reduce sediment yield by 58 to 74%.