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Abstract
O governo de Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva marcou a retomada da postura estatal de forte indutor do crescimento econômico a partir do investimento em obras variadas de infraestrutura, algo evidenciado com o lançamento do Programa de Aceleração do Crescimento (PAC), em 2007. Essa atuação estatal encontra paralelo no governo Vargas e, principalmente, nos governos autoritários das décadas de 1970 e 1980, quando o Estado planejou a construção de hidrelétricas, a pavimentação de rodovias etc. Entretanto, o contexto atual é radicalmente diferente, sendo caracterizado por um arranjo político-institucional que envolve múltiplos atores nos processos decisórios e de implementação de políticas públicas, além de ser marcado pela presença de instrumentos de interação entre Estado e sociedade civil e por uma legislação ambiental que torna mais rigorosa a aprovação de empreendimentos com impacto ambiental. Este artigo se propõe a analisar a atuação contemporânea do Estado brasileiro a partir do estudo do encontro entre ativismo estatal e democratização. Para tanto, é realizado um estudo comparativo entre o arranjo político-institucional do passado – que se insere em um contexto de desenvolvimentismo e autoritarismo político – e o arranjo atual a partir do estudo de duas hidrelétricas planejadas para a Amazônia brasileira, Tucuruí e Belo Monte. Conclui-se que o arranjo atual proporciona a explicitação e a defesa de interesses variados, o que justifica a superioridade técnica dos projetos de hidrelétricas atuais. Entretanto, o arranjo atual não é capaz de processar os conflitos que emergem do embate entre interesses divergentes, o que tem causado a judicialização dos processos decisório e de implantação de hidrelétricas e a baixa legitimidade desses projetos. Essa dificuldade de conciliar interesses é explicada pelas diferenças existentes entre os ramos estatais envolvidos na construção de grandes hidrelétricas: a capacidade decisória se concentra em órgãos com pouca abertura política, enquanto a capacidade participativa é característica de órgãos com baixa capacidade decisória. A metodologia utilizada neste artigo é variada e inclui entrevistas a atores-chave e análise documental. The election of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva marked Brazil’s resumption of “big government” intervention in the economy, particularly through investment in a variety of infrastructure projects, as evidenced by the launch of the Growth Acceleration Program in 2007. Historically, such infrastructural projects were typical of the Vargas government and were especially common during the Authoritarian Period (1964-1985), when the State planned to build hydroelectric dams, to pave roads, etc. The current context is radically different, however, being characterized by a political and institutional arrangement that involves multiple stakeholders in the decision and implementation process of public policies, and is marked by a close relationship between State and civil society and by environmental legislation that makes the approval process of projects with environmental impact more rigorous. This article aims to analyze the performance of the contemporary Brazilian state by studying the encounter between state activism and democratization. We conduct a comparative study between the political and institutional arrangement of the past, characterized by dictatorship and developmentalism; and the current arrangement of democracy and developmentalism. This comparative analysis is based on the study of two large dams planned to the Amazon, Tucurui and Belo Monte. We conclude that the current arrangement stimulates the defense of a variety of interests, which explains the technical superiority of the current hydroelectric projects. Nevertheless, the current arrangement is not able to organize and conciliate the conflicts that emerge from the clashes of divergent interests, which have caused the judicialization of the decision and implementation process of dams and also the low legitimacy of these projects. The difficulty to conciliate interests is explained by differences between state branches involved in the construction of large dams: the decision-making capacity is concentrated in state agencies that are politically closed whereas the participatory capacity is concentrated in state agencies with low decisional capacity. The methodology used in this paper is varied and includes interviews with key political actors and documental analysis.
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