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Abstract
Este texto analisa a adoção de procedimentos de licenciamento ambiental no Brasil, na Índia e na China em uma área crítica para a ambição desenvolvimentista desses países: a de construção de barragens e geração de infraestrutura hidrelétrica. Para tanto, e a partir de análise bibliográfica e documental, são apresentadas características dos processos de licenciamento ambiental de três empreendimentos internacionalmente conhecidos por seus grandes potenciais hidrelétricos e também por seus impactos socioambientais: a usina hidrelétrica de Belo Monte, no Brasil; o complexo hidrelétrico do rio Nu, na China; e a barragem de Sardar Sarovar, na Índia. Tendo em vista a adoção do instrumento de licenciamento ambiental – bem como características semelhantes que advêm da condição de países emergentes e grandes potências hidrelétricas –, é possível identificar similitudes na operação deste instrumento de gestão ambiental. Não obstante, peculiaridades nacionais fazem com que esses processos assumam um caráter único, marcado pelas distinções na configuração do Estado, nos padrões de interação entre agências governamentais e nas formas de ação da sociedade civil organizada. This working paper examines the adoption of environmental licensing procedures in Brazil, India and China in the construction of dams and hydropower generation. Based on bibliographical and documental analysis, this paper shows some characteristics of environmental licensing processes of three dam projects internationally known for its great hydroelectric potential and also for its social and environmental impacts: the Belo Monte Dam, in Brazil; the Nu River hydroelectric complex, in China; and the Sardar Sarovar Dam, in India. The results shows that is possible to identify some similarities in the operation of environmental licensing procedures in these three countries. However, the national peculiarities make that these processes takes a unique character, marked by distinctions in the state configuration, patterns of interaction and conflict between government agencies and different ways of action assumed by organized civil society.
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