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Abstract
Este estudo trata da seguinte questão: como compatibilizar direitos trabalhistas e proteção social com competitividade e produtividade das empresas? Na América Latina, há um intenso debate sobre a perversidade da legislação trabalhista (considerada prejudicial para os trabalhadores e para as empresas) e, em resposta, a política recomendada atualmente enfatiza a desregulamentação e a flexibilização dos direitos trabalhistas existentes. Em contraposição a essa recomendação convencional, este estudo demonstra que há uma “margem de manobra” ainda pouco explorada para conciliar direitos trabalhistas com competitividade que reside na etapa de implementação da legislação trabalhista, em vez da reforma legal. Investigou-se o trabalho realizado na “linha de frente” por fiscais do trabalho em, principalmente, dois estados brasileiros (Minas Gerais e Bahia) e descobriu-se que em alguns casos os fiscais conseguiram implementar a legislação trabalhista de forma a promover tanto a melhoria das condições de trabalho quanto a modernização (upgrading) das empresas. As conclusões do estudo sugerem que os fiscais do trabalho foram capazes de promover esses resultados – como, por exemplo, arranjos alternativos para empregar formalmente trabalhadores rurais por tempo determinado ou medidas técnicas para promover condições de trabalho mais saudáveis e seguras sem reduzir a produtividade da empresa – quando combinaram estratégias punitivas (como multas, sanções) com ações pedagógicas (como prestação de assessoria técnica e jurídica). Os quadros 1 e 2, no interior do texto, apresentam uma lista de casos e seus respectivos resultados. This paper addresses the following question: how can we reconcile workers' rights and social protection with firms' competitiveness and productivity? In Latin America, there is an intense debate about the perverseness of the labor law (claimed to be harmful both to workers and to firms) and, in response, current policy advice emphasizes deregulation and the flexibilization of existing labor rights. In contrast to the standard policy advice, this research demonstrates that there are more "degrees of freedom" to reconcile workers' rights with competitiveness when one focuses on the implementation of the labor law. I investigated the street-level work performed by labor inspectors in two Brazilian states (Minas Gerais and Bahia) and I found out that in some cases labor inspectors have been able to implement labor law in a way that promotes both the improvement of working conditions as well as firm upgrading. My findings suggest that labor inspectors have been able to promote these outcomes–such as alternative arrangements for formally hiring short-term rural workers or technical measures to promote safer working conditions without jeopardizing firm's productivity, for example–by combining both punitive (e.g., fines, sanctions) with pedagogical (e.g., technical and legal assistance) enforcement strategies. For a list of the cases as well as their respective outcomes, please refer to chart 1 and 2.
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