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La fuite des cerveaux incite-t-elle la scolarisation ?

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  • Matthieu Boussichas

    (CERDI - Centre d'Études et de Recherches sur le Développement International - UdA - Université d'Auvergne - Clermont-Ferrand I - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)

Abstract

L'émigration de travailleurs issus des pays en développement vers ceux dits développés est relativement plus qualifiée que la moyenne mondiale des travailleurs. Ceci engendre pour certains de ces PED une perte directe en capital humain non-négligeable. Une vision "optimiste" (Stark(1997)) vise à imaginer une possible compensation de cette perte par le fait qu'il existerait un phénomène d'incitation à la scolarisation lorsque le taux d'émigration augmente. Nous construisons un modèle théorique de « Brain gain » afin de déterminer si le niveau actuel d'émigration qualifiée des pays en développement est trop élevé, et si l'effet d'incitation imaginé par Stark existe. Théoriquement, une augmentation de l'émigration des travailleurs éduqués peutêtre bénéfique si le taux d'émigration qualifiée reste relativement faible. Il existe un taux optimal qui maximise les bénéfices de ces départs mais les résultats montrent que ce type d'émigration est aujourd'hui trop élevé dans les pays en développement. Ces bénéfices proviennent essentiellement de l'effet du retour des migrants. L'analyse économétrique montre qu'une plus grande ouverture des frontières des pays développés aux travailleurs émigrants qualifiés a un effet nul sur les taux d'inscription dans le secondaire et le supérieur, et un effet négatif sur le niveau d'éducation global des pays en développement. Si nous admettons qu'une augmentation de l'émigration qualifiée peut être bénéfique sous certaines conditions, nous ne soutenons pas l'idée d'un éventuel « Brain gain à la Stark ».

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  • Matthieu Boussichas, 2011. "La fuite des cerveaux incite-t-elle la scolarisation ?," Working Papers halshs-00556929, HAL.
    • Handle: RePEc:hal:wpaper:halshs-00556929
    Note: View the original document on HAL open archive server: https://shs.hal.science/halshs-00556929
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Keywords

    Brain drain; fuite des cerveaux; Brain gain; capital humain;
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