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The safe haven, hedging, and diversification properties of oil, gold, and cryptocurrency for the G7 equity markets: Evidence from the pre- and post-COVID-19 periods

Author

Listed:
  • Salma Tarchella

    (Université de Sousse)

  • Rabeh Khalfaoui

    (ICN Business School, CEREFIGE - Centre Européen de Recherche en Economie Financière et Gestion des Entreprises - UL - Université de Lorraine)

  • Shawkat Hammoudeh

    (Drexel University)

Abstract

This study investigates the safe haven, hedging, and diversification properties of oil, gold, and two cryptocurrencies, including Bitcoin and Ethereum, for equity investments in the G7 economies under different market conditions. Daily data covering the pre- and post-COVID-19 periods were employed, using the linear and nonlinear Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity models. The empirical evidence supports gold as an undisputable diversifier for equity investments in the G7 equity markets under all market conditions. Cryptocurrencies have a valuable safe-haven potential, particularly during the COVID-19 crisis. Furthermore, the suitability of the optimal hedge asset depends on market conditions and individual countries, where the traditional assets present the best hedge in the normal conditions, compared to the modern assets. However, in the stress periods, Bitcoin presents the best hedge for the stocks of the G7 European and the UK countries, although Ethereum is the optimal hedge for the U.S. and Canada. In contrast, oil exhibits a superiority in hedging Japanese equities during all market conditions.

Suggested Citation

  • Salma Tarchella & Rabeh Khalfaoui & Shawkat Hammoudeh, 2024. "The safe haven, hedging, and diversification properties of oil, gold, and cryptocurrency for the G7 equity markets: Evidence from the pre- and post-COVID-19 periods," Post-Print hal-04464938, HAL.
    • Handle: RePEc:hal:journl:hal-04464938
    DOI: 10.1016/j.ribaf.2023.102125
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    Cited by:

    1. Aharon, David Y. & Alon, Ilan & Vakhromov, Oleg, 2024. "Metaverse tokens or metaverse stocks – Who’s the boss?," Research in International Business and Finance, Elsevier, vol. 69(C).
    2. Lee, Min-Jae & Choi, Sun-Yong, 2024. "Insights into the dynamics of market efficiency spillover of financial assets in different equity markets," Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Elsevier, vol. 641(C).
    3. Ryan, Michael & Corbet, Shaen & Oxley, Les, 2024. "Is gold always a safe haven?," Finance Research Letters, Elsevier, vol. 64(C).
    4. Hoque, Mohammad Enamul & Billah, Mabruk & Alam, Md Rafayet & Tiwari, Aviral Kumar, 2024. "Gold-backed cryptocurrencies: A hedging tool against categorical and regional financial stress," Global Finance Journal, Elsevier, vol. 60(C).

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