Innovation policies and models in Africa: systemic and structural challenges through capacity building[Politiques et modèles d’Innovation en Afrique : enjeux systémiques et structurels par le renforcement des capacités]

This introductory article starts from the renewal of development challenges in Africa with regard to the increase in inequalities, climate change, food insecurity, population growth and political conflicts, and questions the effectiveness of public policies. In this context, it questions how to adapt a systemic and interactive framework for innovation to strengthen the societal capacities that drive new technological, economic and social trajectories. This proposal thus highlights how the framework for analyzing the National Innovation System (N.I.S) remains incomplete to understand the different governance structures for innovation. Finally, for innovation to be a vector of inclusive development and sustainable of the most fragile economies, it is necessary to renew the priority indicators that drive research and technology. Three axes structure our special issue and relate to the need to strengthen Capacities while improving the governance mechanisms of innovation