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Des dettes de guerre des années 1701-12 à l’euphorie financière de 1719-20 : une perspective pan-européenne

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  • Stefano O. Condorelli

    (UNIBE - Universität Bern = University of Bern = Université de Berne)

Abstract

Les grandes guerres européennes, au tournant du XVIIe et XVIIIe siècle, marquent la transition entre un modèle de financement des dépenses militaires basé essentiellement sur l'impôt et un modèle basé en grande partie sur l'emprunt. L'emprunt – spécialement en temps de guerre – apparaît doublement préférable à l'impôt : parce qu'il offre dans l'immédiat un effet de levier bien plus important ; parce qu'il prémunit les États, également dans l'immédiat, contre les révoltes qui pourraient accompagner un fort renforcement de la fiscalité. Les premières années de la guerre de Succession d'Espagne (1701-07) marquent la période dorée de cette phase de transition : l'Angleterre, les Provinces-Unies, et dans une moindre mesure la France, parviennent à emprunter facilement et à des taux relativement faibles, et ce malgré les énormes dépenses militaires. Cependant, l'augmentation en flèche des taux d'endettement finit par entraîner une grave crise financière (1708-11) et une dislocation des marchés du crédit. Les belligérants continuent à emprunter massivement, mais à des taux de plus en plus élevés. Face à une guerre qui semble devoir se prolonger indéfiniment – faute de victoire décisive de part ou d'autre –, le poids croissant de la dette est sans doute la raison essentielle qui contraint France et Angleterre (les deux principaux adversaires) à rechercher la paix. La paix revenue (1713), les ex-belligérants gardent en héritage des niveaux d'endettement sans précédent. Les États expérimentent diverses méthodes afin de réduire drastiquement la charge de la dette sans pour autant la répudier. La plus célèbre et la plus vaste de ces expériences, le Système de Law, déclenche en 1719-20 une dynamique pan-européenne d'euphorie financière.

Suggested Citation

  • Stefano O. Condorelli, 2017. "Des dettes de guerre des années 1701-12 à l’euphorie financière de 1719-20 : une perspective pan-européenne," Post-Print hal-01779048, HAL.
  • Handle: RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01779048
    Note: View the original document on HAL open archive server: https://hal.science/hal-01779048v2
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Keywords

    Système de Law; compagnies par actions; dette publique; guerre de Succession d’Espagne; histoire financière; euphorie financière;
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