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Cultures nationales et actions entrepreneuriales : une nouvelle perspective pour la recherche en entrepreneuriat

Author

Listed:
  • Jean-Claude Pacitto

    (IRG - Institut de Recherche en Gestion - UPEM - Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée - UPEC UP12 - Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12)

  • Jacques Arlotto

    (Audencia Recherche - Audencia Business School)

  • Thierry Fabiani

    (LISA - Lieux, Identités, eSpaces, Activités - UPP - Université Pascal Paoli - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)

  • Philippe Jourdan

    (IRG - Institut de Recherche en Gestion - UPEM - Université Paris-Est Marne-la-Vallée - UPEC UP12 - Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12)

Abstract

Afin d'expliquer la vitalité entrepreneuriale observable dans certains pays et son absence dans d'autres, on a beaucoup mobilisé ces dernières années le paradigme culturel. A la suite des travaux d'Hofstede consacrés aux cultures nationales et à la mise en évidence de dimensions constitutives de celles-ci, on en est venu à penser que certaines cultures étaient plus enclines à favoriser l'entrepreneuriat que d'autres. A contrario certaines cultures apparaissent comme des freins au développement de l'entrepreneuriat. De fait, beaucoup de travaux ont révélé un lien évident entre la culture et les aptitudes entrepreneuriales. Toutefois, d'autres travaux ont tendu ces dernières années à relativiser l'impact de la culture sur le dynamisme entrepreneurial en révélant par exemple l'importance des variables institutionnelles. Si on ne saurait exclure par principe l'aspect culturel de la vitalité entrepreneuriale, un examen attentif des situations montre que la culture peut en effet influer sur la vitalité entrepreneuriale mais à certaines conditions et dans certains contextes. Dans cette perspective, il n'y a aucun déterminisme dans le déclin entrepreneurial d'un pays, tout dépendant en dernier lieu de la volonté des différents acteurs concernés d'établir des « règles du jeu » (Baumol) susceptibles de rendre effectif, sur le long terme, l'essor entrepreneurial. C'est en révélant ces contextes que l'on sera le mieux à même de mettre à jour les mécanismes qui font qu'à un moment un pays est plus entreprenant qu'un autre. A vouloir trop simplifier les phénomènes étudiés, on risque de légitimer l'inaction, car comment changer une culture ? De ce point de vue, il est à penser qu'une interprétation abusive du travail de Max Weber sur l'éthique protestante a débouché sur des résultats quelque peu contre-productifs. De ce point de vue, une relecture critique de ce travail pionnier s'impose aussi. Ce travail permettra de mieux resituer le rôle joué par les valeurs, en tentant d'éviter le double écueil de la sur-estimation et celui de la sous-estimation voire de la négation. Le détour par l'histoire est de ce point de vue indispensable. En effet, seul un examen attentif des situations permet de mieux comprendre les mécanismes explicatifs du dynamisme entrepreneurial. On se rend compte dès lors que si la culture a pu jouer un rôle, ce n'est qu'à certaines conditions, ce qu'ont montré d'ailleurs de très nombreux travaux qui ont examiné la relation culture/capitalisme à la suite de Weber. Ces travaux ont le mérite de resituer dans toute sa complexité la problématique du lien entre culture et capitalisme et par là entre culture et entrepreneuriat. Dans cette perspective, aucune culture n'est en soi favorable ou défavorable à l'entrepreneuriat. Il importe donc de bien saisir les phénomènes d'interaction qui font qu'à un moment donné une culture peut favoriser l'entrepreneuriat et à un autre le freiner. Il importe aussi de bien comprendre le caractère ambivalent des cultures et le fait que celles-ci recèlent des valeurs qui sont selon les contextes des freins à l'activité entrepreneuriale autant que des moteurs comme par exemple la propension à l'individualisme.

Suggested Citation

  • Jean-Claude Pacitto & Jacques Arlotto & Thierry Fabiani & Philippe Jourdan, 2014. "Cultures nationales et actions entrepreneuriales : une nouvelle perspective pour la recherche en entrepreneuriat," Post-Print hal-01132933, HAL.
  • Handle: RePEc:hal:journl:hal-01132933
    Note: View the original document on HAL open archive server: https://hal.science/hal-01132933
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    References listed on IDEAS

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    Keywords

    cultures; institutions; religions; entrepreneuriat;
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