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Global Trade in Sports Goods: International Specialisation of Major Trading Countries

Author

Listed:
  • Madeleine Andreff

    (OEP - Organisation et Efficacité de Production - UPEC UP12 - Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12)

  • Wladimir Andreff

    (CES - Centre d'économie de la Sorbonne - UP1 - Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne - CNRS - Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique)

Abstract

The analysis of international trade in sports goods is still in its infancy. In order to alleviate the sports economics ignorance in this area, an entirely new dataset is built up by extracting Comtrade data at the most disaggregated level (6 digits). The dataset covers 41 countries, 36 different sports goods, and 94-96% of global sports goods trade (1994-2004). The country sample is divided into five regional areas: North American Free Trade Area (NAFTA), EU + Switzerland, Eastern Europe, Asia and other emerging countries. A detailed snapshot of global trade in sports goods and its distribution by major areas, countries and products provides first empirical evidence about how much industrialisation in emerging countries and de-industrialisation in developed market economies have affected international specialisation, and indirectly tests multinational companies outsourcing and production relocation strategies in low unit cost countries in the sports goods industry. Then, studying export/import ratios and country's position in the global market, it appears that major trading areas are Asia, Europe and NAFTA. Major exporters are China, Hong Kong, the USA and France, and major importers are the USA, Japan, Germany, France, the UK and Italy. The biggest market shares are in sportswear, anoraks and gymnastic equipment trade. Asia, Eastern Europe and emerging countries have an excess balance in sports goods trade, whereas NAFTA and Europe are in deficit. Three indexes assess a country's comparative advantages and disadvantages and competitiveness, and describe international specialisation. NAFTA and Europe are specialised in equipment-intensive sports goods, while Asia, Eastern Europe and emerging countries are specialised in trite sports goods and some less equipment-intensive sports goods. NAFTA is not competitive in any sport good, Europe is competitive in skis, emerging countries and Eastern Europe in sportswear and anoraks, and Asia in sportswear, anoraks, rackets, balls, skates and gymnastic equipment. Such an international specialisation pattern fits with both assumptions of industrialisation/de-industrialisation and firms outsourcing strategies. A principal component analysis with hierarchical ascendant classification groups trite sports goods as opposed to intensive-equipment sports goods in global trade and shows that production relocation influences international trade specialisation. Major policy implications are that developed economies and multinational companies should continue investing in R&D in order to keep their comparative advantages in equipment-intensive sports goods, while Asian and emerging countries should more tightly supervise working conditions and child labour in their subcontracting producers that work for foreign multinational companies.

Suggested Citation

  • Madeleine Andreff & Wladimir Andreff, 2009. "Global Trade in Sports Goods: International Specialisation of Major Trading Countries," Université Paris1 Panthéon-Sorbonne (Post-Print and Working Papers) halshs-00443697, HAL.
  • Handle: RePEc:hal:cesptp:halshs-00443697
    DOI: 10.1080/16184740903024029
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    Citations

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    Cited by:

    1. Thibaut, Erik & Eakins, John & Vos, Steven & Scheerder, Jeroen, 2017. "Time and money expenditure in sports participation: The role of income in consuming the most practiced sports activities in Flanders," Sport Management Review, Elsevier, vol. 20(5), pages 455-467.
    2. Lim, Choong Hoon & Kim, Kihan & Cheong, Yunjae, 2016. "Factors affecting sportswear buying behavior: A comparative analysis of luxury sportswear," Journal of Business Research, Elsevier, vol. 69(12), pages 5793-5800.
    3. Bastien Soulé & Julie Hallé & Eric Boutroy & Bénédicte Vignal, 2023. "Revisiting innovation: the organizational vulnerability of small or medium companies innovating in the outdoor sports sector," Post-Print hal-03360833, HAL.
    4. Amir Junaid Shah & Shahzada Khurram Iqbal & Muhammad Iftikhar & Asmat Tahira Ali & Shumaila Naz & Muhammad Naeem Shaukat & Syeda Khalida & Muhammad Waqas Ahmad & Naghma Parveen, 2022. "Critical Analysis Of The Economic Effect Of Covid-19 On Sports Industry: A Comprehensive View Of Pakistani Sports Goods," Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE), Research Foundation for Humanity (RFH), vol. 11(1), pages 243-246.
    5. Bastien Soulé & Julie Hallé & Eric Boutroy & Bénédicte Vignal, 2023. "Revisiting innovation: the organizational vulnerability of small or medium companies innovating in the outdoor sports sector," Working Papers hal-03360833, HAL.
    6. Wladimir Andreff, 2008. "Globalization of the sports economy," Rivista di Diritto ed Economia dello Sport, Centro di diritto e business dello Sport, vol. 4(3), pages 13-32, Dicembre.
    7. Yuan Gao & Yang Li & Mingxin Zhang, 2022. "On the spillover effect of China's outward FDI in Germany," Economics of Transition and Institutional Change, John Wiley & Sons, vol. 30(2), pages 393-417, April.

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