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Re-visiting the Relationship Between Oil Prices and Monetary Policy

Author

Listed:
  • Hilde C. Bjornland
  • Jamie L. Cross
  • Jonas Holz

Abstract

This paper examines how central banks respond to supply-side shocks and investigates the trade-offs they face in stabilizing inflation and output. To do so we develop a dual external instrument proxy structural vector autoregressive (SVAR) model to disentangle the macroeconomic effects of oil supply news and monetary policy shocks. Our identification strategy, which combines multiple external instruments with sign restrictions, enables a sharp distinction between structural shocks, allowing us to analyze their dynamic effects and construct policy counterfactuals for different central bank objectives. We find that both oil supply and monetary policy shocks significantly influence U.S. output and inflation. Moreover, while monetary policy can mitigate some of the output losses caused by oil price shocks, it cannot fully offset their inflationary effects. Finally, we estimate that the Federal Reserve’s historical response aligns closely with a policy that places twice as much weight on inflation stabilization than on output stabilization.

Suggested Citation

  • Hilde C. Bjornland & Jamie L. Cross & Jonas Holz, 2025. "Re-visiting the Relationship Between Oil Prices and Monetary Policy," CAMA Working Papers 2025-19, Centre for Applied Macroeconomic Analysis, Crawford School of Public Policy, The Australian National University.
    • Handle: RePEc:een:camaaa:2025-19
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    File URL: https://crawford.anu.edu.au/sites/default/files/2025-04/19_2025_Bjornland_Cross_Holz_0.pdf
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    proxy-SVAR; monetary policy instrument; oil price instrument; counterfactual analysis; monetary policy trade-offs;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • C32 - Mathematical and Quantitative Methods - - Multiple or Simultaneous Equation Models; Multiple Variables - - - Time-Series Models; Dynamic Quantile Regressions; Dynamic Treatment Effect Models; Diffusion Processes; State Space Models
    • E31 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles - - - Price Level; Inflation; Deflation
    • E43 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Money and Interest Rates - - - Interest Rates: Determination, Term Structure, and Effects
    • Q41 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Energy - - - Demand and Supply; Prices
    • Q43 - Agricultural and Natural Resource Economics; Environmental and Ecological Economics - - Energy - - - Energy and the Macroeconomy

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