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A Significant Shift in Causal Relations of Money, Income, and Prices in Pakistan : The Price Hikes in the Early 1970s

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  • Fazal Husain

    (PIDE)

  • Abdul Rashid

Abstract

This study extends the analysis of causality by Husain and Rashid(2006) by taking care of the shift in the variables due to the price hikes in the early 1970s. We investigate the causal relations between real money and real income, between nominal money and nominal income, and between nominal money and prices using the annual data set from 1959-60 to 2003-04, examining the stochastic properties of the variables used in the analysis and taking care of the expected shifts in the series through dummy/ies. The analysis indicates significant shift in the variable during the sample period. In the context, the shift of the early 1970s seems to be more important to be incorporated in the analysis. The study find an active role of money in the Pakistani economy, as it is found to be leading variables in changing prices without any feedback. In the case of income, the study finds the feedback mechanism of money, which is generally missing in the earlier studies probably because of not taking care of the shift in the macroeconomic variables in the Pakistan in the early 1970s.

Suggested Citation

  • Fazal Husain & Abdul Rashid, 2006. "A Significant Shift in Causal Relations of Money, Income, and Prices in Pakistan : The Price Hikes in the Early 1970s," Macroeconomics Working Papers 22229, East Asian Bureau of Economic Research.
    • Handle: RePEc:eab:macroe:22229
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    References listed on IDEAS

    as
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    More about this item

    Keywords

    Money; income; prices; Price Hikes; Causal Relations; Pakistan;
    All these keywords.

    JEL classification:

    • E3 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Prices, Business Fluctuations, and Cycles
    • E4 - Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics - - Money and Interest Rates
    • N4 - Economic History - - Government, War, Law, International Relations, and Regulation

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